Network

Objective: 1. Provide knowledge of computer communications from user point of view in the context of local area network. 2. Explain the basic concepts of communications within Local Area Network with emphasis on access techniques and basic protocol. 3. Providing user services Assignment Overview: * This is an individual assignment * The student must produce a written report and must be submitted on the dateline * The student expected to present the assignment Question:You are a network engineer at a private office. You are required to produce a proposal to the upper management. in order to install a new network infrastructure for a new detachment of the office. You need to obtain the information as accurate as possible to the specification released by our superior. your work include of identifying router, gateway, bridge and switches according to the minimum specification given. Specification according to the proposed network devices: device| specification| outer| * Able to support f lexible and adaptive infrastructure * Support for layer 2 and layer 3 * IP/MPLS traffic engineering support * 8 copper GbE(10/100/1000)interface * Support 3G/4G * Support PoE,10GbE| gateway| * Simplifies sparing strategy for operators even they use variety of backhaul * Technologies (DSL, Ethernet, T1/E1 and so on) across their network. * Allow operators to choose clocking strategy of their choice: T1/E1, line timing or BITS. Transport ATM,TDM * Packet traffic over IP/MPLS| bridge| * 24 to 48 10/100/1000BAsE-T ports * Fixed panel Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) to support high speed backbone or link aggregation| switch| * Support level2 and level 3 * Throughput capability is more than 1. 28 Tbps * Port able to support from 1GbE to 10GbE| 1. By referring to the specification above, suggest and identify the type of network device that fulfilled the requirements as stated. 2. The hosen device need to be identified with its feature and the interoperability with the specification stated above. 3. Each of the features of the devices needs to be explained in terms of user perspective and the jargon should be carefully breakdown into concise description. 4. Include the picture of the devices in the report. 5. Explain the reason why you choose the particular network device and compare it with the specification. If the chosen network device do not met the requirements, please provide the appropriate justification.

Mustard Gas

Mustard Gas During World War I LOST was the original name for mustard gas, it was named after Lommel and Steinkopf. They were the first people who proposed this gas to the military to use as a weapon in 1916. Although mustard gas could possibly been developed as early as 1822 by a French chemist, Cesar-Mansuete Desperetez. Thirty-two years later Alfred Riche repeated this reaction of the sulfur dichloride and ethylene, but both Riche and Desperetez did not note any harsh properties. In 1860, Frederick Gutherie synthesized and described the characteristics of the compound and it’s irritating properties.Another chemist known as a pioneer in cocaine chemistry, Albert Nieman repeated the reaction, and recorded blistering formations. Meanwhile, a published paper written by Victor Meyer in 1866, explained the reaction of 2-chloroethanol and an aqueous potassium sulfide that formed phosphorous trichloride. The purity of this compound was higher and there was much more severe health e ffects. He also tested this compound on rabbits and noted that they died. An English chemist Hans Thacher Clarke did this reaction in 1913. When performing the experiment the flask broke, and Clarke was in the hospital for two months for burns.Clarkes partner Emil Fischer reported the accident to the German Society, which put Germany on the chemical weapons track. Sulfur mustard is an organic compound with the molecular formula of C4H8Cl2S. Mustard gas can be reacted with different compounds, but still have the same major organic product. These are the different reactions to make sulfur gas: Deperetez: SCl2 + 2 C2H4 > (Cl-CH2CH2)2S Meyer: 3(HO-CH2CH2)2S + 2PCl3 > 3(Cl-CH2CH2)2S + 2P(OH)3 Meyer-Clarke: (HO-CH2CH2)2S + 2HCl > (Cl-CH2CH2)2S + 2H2O Other chlorinating agents that have been used are trionyl and phosgene.Chemists know mustard gas by bis(chloroethyl) sulfide or dichlorethylsulphide, but it has been called senfgas, yellow cross liquid, yperite, distilled mustard and mustard T-mixture. The name Yperite originates by the Germany army, when used near the city o Ypres. Mustard gas appears colorless if pure, but when impurities are present the color ranges from pale yellow to dark brown. There is a small odor garlic or horseradish. Mustards gas is actually not a gas; it is a volatile, very thick liquid. Mustard gas has a molecular weight of 159. 08 grams/mole, a density of 1. 7 grams/mL; melts at 144? C, and boils at 217? C. Mustard agents are regulated under the 1933 Chemical Weapons Convention. Mustard gas was formed in large amounts during World War I and II. Mustard gas was first used in World War I, but was used in the war Iran-Iraq war in 1884-1988. By 1977, the United States Secretary of Defense was told to dispose of all the fatal chemical agents, like mustard gas. When mustard gas comes into contact to skin, blistering and burns occur. These agents may cause brutal damage to the eyes, the respiratory system, and internal organs.The symptoms donâ₠¬â„¢t occur immediately, they usually appear from two hours to twenty-four hours after contact. By the time the symptoms become apparent, severe cell damage has already occurred. Mustard gas is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic. Mustard agents are lipophilic, meaning it can dissolve in fats, oils, and non-polar solvents. Therefore people can unknowingly be exposed to mustard gas. Mustard gas is classified as a vesicant, which means it leaves lesions and burns on the skin and respiratory tract. Mustard gas can damage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).The compound eliminates a chloride ion by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, which forms a cyclic sulfonium ion. This reactive intermediate tends to permanently alkylate the nucleotide in DNA strands. Cellular death and cancer can occur from this alkylation. Mild toxicity has symptoms of lacrimation, eye pain, irritation of the mucus membrane, hoarseness, swelling of the skin, sneezing, and coughing. Severe toxicity’s symptoms include blindness, blistering, vomiting, nausea, and respiratory complications. Lung injury was the leading cause of death after the exposure of mustard gas. Lung injuries start with mild symptoms, and lowly increase into chemical pneumonia, and pulmonary edema. Within twenty-four hours of exposure to skin, victims are itchy and skin irritation, which lead to yellow filled blisters. Five to ten days after the exposure of large amounts of mustard gas, there is a drastic reduction in white blood cells. The decrease of white blood cells, affect the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue to look as if the person was exposed to radiation. The best treatment is decontamination. The German Army was the first to use mustard gas effectively against the British soldiers in 1917, near Ypres in World War One.Mustard gas was dispersed as aerial bombs, mortar rounds, artillery shells, land mines, as an aerosol, and rockets. Mustard gas was only lethal in about one percent of cases. Soldiers wore gas ma sks, but this didn’t protect them from the gas, since the gas could be absorbed through their clothes. Mustard gas would stay the stay in the environment for days, and continue to cause sickness. Also, if a soldier were to be contaminated by the gas, other soldiers that came into contact with would become contaminated too.The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibited chemical warfare, and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 prohibited the development, production, and stockpiling of chemical weapons. The mustard gas found after World War I in Germany was dumped in the Baltic Sea. Mustard gas structure: Gas mask worn to protect from inhaling mustard gas the wounds conflicted from mustard gas http://www. firstworldwar. com/weaponry/gas. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sulfur_mustard http://www. bt. cdc. gov/agent/sulfurmustard/basics/facts. asp http://www. diggerhistory. info/pages-weapons/gas. htm

Why Don’t We Listen Better

Practical Book Review Why Don’t We Listen Better? Communicating & Connecting in Relationships Melvin Ballard 22274758 Dr. Marcus Tanner In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Introduction to Pastoral Counseling PACO 500 Liberty Baptist Seminary Lynchburg, VA 4/7/2013 SUMMATION James C. Petersen book, Why don’t we listen better? Communicating and Connecting in Relationships surmised good communication skills can be achieved through active listening, understanding from the part of the talker and the attitude of the listener.This process of sharing and connecting can be attained through our acceptance and valuing one another. The word communication derives from the root to â€Å"commune†, it has at least two levels- sharing information and connecting with others (Petersen, 2007, 18). Active listening allows a person to actually hear what is being said; this invites the talker to feel as though they are valued. By active listening gives a person the ability to interact and communicate that will bring about healthy and fruitful relationships.This book is a road map to helping people learn to engage in positive communication and foster wholesome relationships. Petersen explored how one can become a better communicator by using various tools; the flat-brain theory, the talker-listener card and exploring various listening techniques. Petersen explained the concept flat-brain theory as emotions that are displayed in our stomach, heart and brain. The brain is the central area of our communication this is where we find and form our words to say.The head functions incorporate thinking, planning, remembering, reviewing, deciding, rationalizing, what we consider the logical part of us (Petersen, 12). Petersen describes the stomach as the emotional area where we contain past hurt feelings, feelings of inadequacy, worry, anxiety which leads to not being able to store anything too many new things (23). The heart is the functionality of a person. How we function depends on how our heart is whether healthy or unhealthy. When our system goes out of whack Petersen refers to it as the Flat-brain syndrome.He describes it as our stomach expand with mixed emotions which cause our heart to turn into bricks sending our relating ability to respond inappropriately and ultimately the upward expansion from our heart causes our brains to flatten to the top of our head (23). A good communicator is able to balance these stimuli’s that causes one to become out of kilter. Petersen uses examples of how to make sure one is able to stay in control of his emotions, his actions and his arguments. The talker-listener process engages people to take turn in talking and listening.Petersen developed the talker-listener card in hope of promoting individuals to improve the ability to interact and communicate better. The card is placed in between two people or groups and the side that has talker that person or group will talk while the other side liste ns. After the talker finishes the card is turned around to give the other an opportunity to talk while the other side or person listens. This tool keeps a person or a group from talking while others are talking i. e. everyone is talking and no one is listening. As the saying goes we can all sing at the same time but we all cannot talk at the same time.Petersen formulated this idea in order to stop flat-brain tango. The rest of Why Don’t we Listen Better? Communicating and Connecting in Relationships deals with techniques in the development of good communication skills. However, Petersen notes that good communication hinges on authentic listening techniques (115). REFLECTION I started playing sports when I was five years old; I have always had a competitive nature about myself. I guess it has to do with having an identical twin brother, always trying to outdo him. With that competitive nature I always wanted to win.In reading Petersen’s book I realized my competitive na ture causes me to win battles but lose the war. Even in discussions (arguments) I have to win. Petersen states, this is unhealthy when I choose not to respect the feelings of others moving from a friend to a victor (40). The book describes the feeling of a ‘thud’ this is the initial clue that a person feels when they sense they are being attacked. I know the feeling; it causes me to react in a defensive way. In college I actually lost a girl friend and did not realize she was trying to help me and it was for my own good and benefit. I saw it as her thinking she was better than me.Petersen declares that instead of reacting negatively but acknowledging what can be bother the other person begins the downshift from anger to resentment (43). I know what they are feeling, so why do I respond in a negative manner because I view the person as attacking me. In defense I strike back. On many times and different occasions I found myself using words that were not helpful but hurtfu l. I assumed they were attacking me with their words so in return I felt justified to attack them. INVESTIGATION The new terminology Petersen uses to describe the feeling within a person is refreshing and appreciative.He does not use the typical therapeutic terms but uses everyday layman words to discuss and explain his scenarios. Petersen has brought a new fresh perspective in the communication model. Petersen uses such basic elementary techniques that will help a person to become a better communicator. Petersen encourages you to use the finger method when you are bothered with someone in order for you not to be accusing or blaming. Wow, how simple but profound at the same time. The Talker-Listener card is a great tool to use to promote healthy communication skills.He uses the card as a game in which individuals or groups can play in order to have an effective moment of sharing. As we look at our total man; spirit, soul and body dealing with our soulically part, which our emotions lies we can connect with Petersen as by utilizing his concept. When we feel like someone is harming us through words before we react allow the Holy Spirit to control our tongue. The Book of James 3:6; calls the tongue a fire, a world of iniquity it is the unruly untamable member of the body. Applying Petersen’s techniques and concepts will help us to control our tongue.We cannot be imitators’ of Christ if we allow our words to destroy and not build up. Jesus edified using words. His words ministered grace to the hearers. As representatives of Christ we must not grieve the Holy Spirit which seals us to the day of redemption. We grieve the Holy Spirit when we allow corrupt communication that come out of our mouth, which does not edify or minister grace to the hearer (Eph. 4:29). APPLICATION Why Don’t we Listen Better? Communicating and Connecting in Relationships has challenged me to change my habit of not actively engaging in good communication.Being a good liste ner will afford me to take focus to other’s interest and not just mine. I had an opportunity after reading in applying what I learned. Petersen is right I was able to use it successfully a few times and not at other times. I have already purposed in my heart to change my mind about the way I choose to communicate. This book has confronted me with developing my communication skills through active listening and recognizing how I can be able to help someone in their time of need. It will be beneficial for me to put this card in my wallet look at it when I feel I’m feeling that action in my stomach.This will allow me to focus on the needs of the other rather than my feelings. I will not be a good communicator if I choose to allow my emotions to control my actions that will ultimately alter my argument. I must realize through the Holy Spirit’s leading, when He nudges me, I must began to change my attitude and put in use techniques that will allow me to become a bette r participant in communicating with others. Once I have learned this method I will be able to share it with others who find themselves hurling harmful, hurtful, and hideous words at a love one.As proverbs 15:1, reminds us; grievous words stir up anger but a soft answer turns away wrath. A good communicator learns to hear with his inner ear, the Holy Spirit. Petersen, James C. 2007. Why Don’t We Listen Better? Communicating & Connecting in Relationships: Portland, OR: Petersen Publication Practical Book Review Grading Rubric Name: Criteria| Points Possible| Points Earned| General| Paper adheres to TRS formatting (title page, in-text citations, References page, etc. ) Correct File Name. Rubric pasted in. 10| | Writing is clear with appropriate grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Headings are appropriately labeled. | 10| | Summation (no more than 500 words)| The author and chapter(s) are identified. | 10| | Concise summation with no personal reflection on content is provided. | 10| | Reflection (no more than 250 words)| Personal life experience is applied. 1st person usage (â€Å"I† is used). | 10| | Investigation (no more than 300 words)| Discussion regarding how the material interfaces with model of personhood and assessment is present| 10| | Thought-provoking questions are posed. 10| | Positives and negatives are discussed. | 10| | Application (no more than 300 words)| Details are included concerning how this information informs the process of checking/controlling student’s particular DISC relational style. 1st person (â€Å"I) usage is appropriate. | 10| | There is a description that indicates what action will be taken or what change the student are going to make to influence his/her personal and professional growth and development. 1st person (â€Å"I†) usage is appropriate| 10| | Total:| 100| | Instructor’s comments:

DB 217 Jak 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB 217 Jak 5 - Essay Example However, the candidates maintain that withdraw of the conditional job offer violates the ADA. What should the court decide? There are various issues and questions to be answered in this case. Firstly, the court may evaluate the legality of the post-job offer medical test. According to the ADA, an employer should not request for a medical test as a condition of the offer; however, such tests may be required after the job offer (Colker 9). Although the Act recognizes a medical test post the job offer, it specifies the regulations governing such post-offer medical test. For instance, post-offer medical exams must be job-related and should be a requirement for all applicants for a similar position. Further, the employer should not withdraw the job offer based on any form of disability realized at this stage, unless in circumstances where the disability poses a threat in the workplace. Also, the employer must prove that there are no adjustments that can be instituted to accommodate the candidate. In the airline case, however, the accused does not show that the HIV status of the candidate can, in any way, impe de their performance or pose a health risk in the workplace. The other issue that the court ought to evaluate is whether the candidates needed to disclose their HIV status while declaring their medical history. Firstly, the ADA states that the employer may not ask the candidates of the existence of any disability before the job offer (Colker 7). Rather, the employer should only ask of the applicants ability to discharge the roles of the job. For these reasons, the airlines argument that the candidates ought to have disclosed their HIV status ahead of the job offer is not justified. Based on the above, therefore, the court may find that the ADA was violated. The airline should not have asked about the candidates disability before the job offer. Additionally, the

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Statement Example In my senior year, I was the top 300th best student out of nearly 20,000 students in the whole city at that level. In my class, I am one of the best in Physics, Math, and Chemistry. Apart from my academics, my teachers also acknowledged my leadership skills, so the chairman of instructors chose me to be the class monitor for three years. This position is an important one since I was in charge of helping other students manage their academic life. This may be equivalent to a student senator in US schools. Armed with a stellar academic background and being very interested in the sciences, I intend to pursue a major in Electrical Engineering from the University of California (UCLA or UCB). My interest in Engineering pushes me to read books on this subject. I can say I have invested much of my time and savings in buying books or borrowing science-related books from the library. Since I was very young, my dream was to be a scientist because of my interest in machines. The first time I expe rienced flying on an airplane, I was amazed at the gigantic aircraft that could bring me to various places. I wondered how it worked and at that time, I knew I fell in love with engineering! This passion for engineering was fueled by my early experiences in tinkering with machines in my father’s business. ... In order to do so, I need to acquire expertise from a superb university which will equip me with the necessary knowledge and skills I will need in my future career. Hence, I chose the University of California. I want to learn more about machines so I can work hands-on in our family business when I take over someday. I could study in a good university in China so I can continue working for my father’s business while I do so, but I felt I needed something more. The educational system in China, sad to say, is just bent on making students learn things to pass tests. It emphasizes theoretical knowledge but lacks practical training. I know that I will get both in the best American university. My family and educational background have aptly prepared me in the pursuit of my dream to become a future engineer. With my practical, hands-on experience with machines and my avid interest in the sciences, I believe I have the tools to learn more, and the potential to be a successful graduate that the University of California will be proud to produce. Prompt #2. Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? I am proud of the way my parents supported and raised me to be a responsible person who is always on the lookout for new things to learn. Although China is known for authoritarian child-rearing, my parents have always respected me as a person and encouraged my interests. They allowed me the freedom to discover things on my own and did not reprimand me for making mistakes. Hence, I developed a love for learning, which I believe will be a lifelong quality I will cherish about

Blood Pressure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blood Pressure - Essay Example Diastolic pressure is a result of ventricular diastole or relaxation and this pattern was observed because the arteries in the working muscles started to dilate rather than constrict. The decrease in the diastolic pressure observed was a result of working at a less than maximum heart rate. In the same observation the heart rate at rest was measured at 61. This measurement spiked to 108 and 147 at 1kg and 2.5kg workloads respectively. This increase of heart rate during exercise was a result of the withdrawal of vagus nerve tone & sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Resting heart rates and maximum heart rates differ from one person to another depending on the age, gender and fitness level. The double product (also called the rate pressure product – RPP) is obtained by multiplying the heart rate by the systolic blood pressure. Since both the heart rate and the systolic blood pressure increased with increased activity during the experiment, the double product inevitably also increased from 6,710.00 (at rest), to 12, 960.00 (at 1kg workload) and finally 20, 580.00 (at 2.5kg workload). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure in a single cycle (the average blood pressure in an individual). It is obtained from the addition of the product of the cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance to the central venous pressure. In the experiment, the mean arterial pressure at rest was 83.33 at rest then dropped at steadied at 73.33 during both 1kg and 2.5 kg workloads. The mean arterial pressure is observed to stay constant because increased flow of blood through exercising muscles is compensated for remarkably well by an increased cardiac output and adjustments to

Segmentation, targeting, and positioning of hotels Assignment

Segmentation, targeting, and positioning of hotels - Assignment Example Market segmentation therefore relies on the principle that individual customers have need for a variety of products or services (OUP). Any market segmentation endeavour initially needs the identification and selection of the most suitable variables on the basis of which the potential customers are grouped. The identified variables form the platform for the segmentation basis. Whether the market is targeted at consumers or if it is a business to business organization decides the selection of the appropriate variables which however cannot be consistent and be decided in a single stroke on the basis of an identified factor. Appropriate market segmentation therefore requires research and analysis by considering a range of data from different sources (OUP). After a proper market segmentation has been achieved, the next step is the targeting the identified market segment with the product line which the consumers need. Targeting is the focussing of attention on identified segments, directing resources in that direction and taking business decisions accordingly. There has to be an optimum relationship between the resources/capabilities against the attractiveness of an identified segment on the basis of which targeting strategy can either be differentiated, undifferentiated or concentrated (OUP). Targeting is therefore the selection of one or more of the marketing segments which the company intends and decides to enter. After the targeting strategy has been developed, the next step is the positioning of the product by creating marketing offers that serve the targeted customer in the best possible manner. This is achieved by establishing, highlighting and communicating the key factors and the distinctive advantages of a company’s pro duct in relation to the competition. The hotel industry is one of the largest hospitality industries in the world which has thrived due to the large scale movement of

Should the USA continue its policy of encouraging less developed Essay

Should the USA continue its policy of encouraging less developed countries to adopt democracy and capitalism - Essay Example This is because democracy offers citizens greater political stability, enhanced quality of living, greater individual liberty as well as freedom from any governmental violence. By adopting capitalism, the citizens of less developed countries are able to benefit from the fact that capitalism tends to greatly promote competition and innovation. Capitalism can offer the citizens of less developed countries more choices as well as the very best opportunities that they can be able to use to improve their living standards. These factors are seen to the fostering of greater economic freedom. Another key benefit of promoting capitalism in the less developed countries is that not only does capitalism foster competition, it also benefits these countries as it spurs the companies within them to innovate and develop far better products that will cause for there to be more goods and services in the market a factor that helps in keeping the prices of commodities at low levels. Democratic political systems often tend to enjoy far greater prosperity over longer time periods as compared to other systems. As democracy spreads, more individuals in less developed countries are likely to start enjoying greater economic benefits. While authoritarian regimes are able to compile impressive short-run economic records, they are rarely able to sustain these rates of growth for long time

Roles in an Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Roles in an Investigation - Essay Example investigation, I would play the role of helping the investigators carry out their duties to know the cause of the death and act as a counselor as well. I would do research and aid in investigating all the possible reasons that might have caused the Chief’s death. After identifying the cause of the death, I would know the cause of the death, as well as the possible criminal responsible for the act. Therefore, the issue leading to the death of the chief would be discussed and counseling would be a major role to play to help people prevent future reoccurrence of the incidents. By playing a role of counseling, I would also assist the affected family to recover quickly from stress show them how to deal with problems and handle them effectively. Kocsis (2009) believes that the concept of psychology autopsy is not a simple concept hence hard to explain. He depicts that psychology autopsy is a mechanism that is largely recognized for evaluating possible circumstances that were behind a certain death. Further still, other psychologists consider it as a research paradigm in which all the types and reasons that may lead an individual to committing suicide are studied. Despite the fact that its operational application has its origin from coroner’s investigation, it developed to a point where the state of mind of the deceased person is evaluated. This reconstruction is usually based on information that is obtained from individual documents, police reports, and interviews with friends or the families, medical records and other people who had the contact with the victim before his death. The purpose of psychological autopsy is to carry out an accurate death process of the decedent, hence classifying the death mode in the deat h certificate. This method requires detailed information in the decedent’s life and many interviews from decedent’s social environment, friends, and families. There are two major trends that are used in psychological autopsies, which include

Is managing people the most important job of a manager Coursework

Is managing people the most important job of a manager - Coursework Example The systematically structured and managed to meet a need parts come later. Without the social unit an organization would not exist and it would not be able to pursue collective goals. Managers therefore need to realize that organizations are made of people and nothing else. These people get together for a set time during the day and attempt to solve problems and achieve the collective goals that the definition of an organization talks about. To put it in simpler words, organizations cannot exist independently of the people that constitute them; they are simply patterns of human interaction. Managers should recognize that managing people is in fact the most important task that they have to perform. All of the four components of a manager’s job: Planning, organizing, leading and controlling cannot be performed efficiently and effectively till a manager effectively manages all the human resources of the organization properly. Let us consider all the functions separately. The first function is planning. This function refers to determining the goals of the organization and figuring out how to achieve them. Latest organizational practices theories dictate that in order to be successful managers should involve their subordinates right from the planning phase. They must sit with them and determine the goals and ways to achieve them through mutual consultation. A shrewd manager would recognize the fact that unless the employees are managed tactfully by him this whole practice would be a waste of time. The second function is organizing. This function refers to assigning responsibility to subordinates for task accomplishment. (Daft, 2006) If a manager does not manage his subordinates well then he might end up creating problems for himself as far as organizing is concerned. He might have to do all or most of the work himself because of lack of delegation which, in turn, takes place due to lack of trust between manager and subordinates etc (Morden, 2004) (Reh, n.d.) The third function is leading. This function refers to using influence to motivate subordinates to achieve the organizations goals. (Daft, 2006) To put things simply, without effective management of employees there would be no motivation and as a result no â€Å"leading†. The fourth and final function is controlling. This function refers to monitoring employee activities and keeping the organization on track towards its goals. (Daft, 2006) If employees are not managed effectively they have been known to come up with reasons to steal from the organization , to slack off from work and indulge in other such counter productive activities. (Walsh, 2000) Therefore, we can conclude that managing people is in fact the most important part of a manager’s job. Discussion Question 2: The design of organization structure is a critical factor in the success or failure of a firm and should be taken very seriously by managers. The major methods of division of work are as follow s: 1. Vertical Functional: This approach is characterized by the grouping

Impacts of Rising Production of Biofuels on Economy Essay

Impacts of Rising Production of Biofuels on Economy - Essay Example Agricultural development would make Biofuel’ s production little higher. However, farmers would be in a position to produce higher amount of corps. Biofuel demand would also be increased as it is better oil direct alternative of oil & gasoline. Oil market is direct competitor of Biofuel renewable energy. However, lower oil prices would put significant influence on biofuel price. In other case, if oil prices set at higher level. However, demand for biofuel would definitely get improved. Vehicle fuel consumption is increasing on daily basis. People therefore give importance to cheap energy sources. Today, farmers have been with improved agricultural and conversion productivity. Eventually, higher energy prices in the 2000s combined with subsidies and low food prices made biofuel profitable. Corn price is recently increased. Thereby, it lead to big losses to corn biofuel processors. Task B Consumer behavior has significant orientation with changing fuel preferences and corps pric es. Vehicle technology hasn’t improved yet. However, natural oil is on large scale made base point for fuel consumption in engines. Consumer behavior has significant association with price fundamental concept. Income is inversely proportional to food prices. Whenever, food prices go up then one has to pay off little more for same things. Biofuel consumption would make people uneasy as food prices would be increased in the result of biofuel production. Natural oil is also vital reason besides higher prices. It directly impacts on transportation charges. However, farmers have to pay off big amount of their earnings in taxes. This makes them to charge end user little more amount. Eventually, this particular phenomena leads market trends to settle... This essay investigates the significance of microeconomics fundamental principles, pertaining to biofuel production. This essay also analyzes the price influence of crops on a single person income level. This study discussed the sources of biofuel, which includes vegetable, animal fats, and short chain aliphatic alcohols. Biofuel generation often leads to produce byproduct along original products including soaps, alcohol, glycerin, and trace amount of water. Consumer behavior has significant orientation with changing fuel preferences and corps prices. Vehicle technology hasn’t improved yet. However, natural oil is on large scale made base point for fuel consumption in engines. Consumer behavior has significant association with price fundamental concept. Income is inversely proportional to food prices. Whenever, food prices go up then one has to pay off little more for same things. Biofuel consumption would make people uneasy as food prices would be increased in the result of biofuel production. Natural oil is also vital reason besides higher prices. It directly impacts on transportation charges. However, farmers have to pay off big amount of their earnings in taxes. This makes them to charge end user little more amount. Eventually, this particular phenomena leads market trends to settle equilibrium little away from convenient level. Biofuel is unconditionally helpful for such people, who don’t earn enough to support their daily expenditures. Food prices wouldn’t increase with same proportionate of fuel prices.

Theory of Constraints Essay Example for Free

Theory of Constraints Essay Executive summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Customers nowadays demand better services and products in terms of delivery and production. Therefore to satisfy these customer needs and expectations companies must enact changes in their processes. Competition is so intense that if a company does not improve its processes through change, then competitors will drive you out of business. Customers, employees, shareholders and other stakeholders in a company continually demand improved products, services and profitability. All these demands calls for lower cost of production and hence the management is at pains to achieve this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is critical that a company initiates a process of on-going improvement, which focuses on internal process changes instead of the company undergoing reactionary changes precipitated by external changes. To achieve this change through a process of on-going improvement, the company should question its processes and this involves starting by asking the right questions to identify critical areas that need improvement. According to the Goldratt Institute some of the pertinent questions than needs to be asked include the following: What to change To what to change How to cause the change These questions must be answered effectively and in a shorter duration of time in order to achieve the process of on-going improvement (Goldratt and Cox: 1994) The purpose of this research is to explore the TOC concept and how it can be used in various functions and day to day operations in organizations. Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theory of constraints is a management philosophy developed in the 1984 and popularized by Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt. It involves the focus on resources and the identification of the constraints. The resources are then channeled to the constraints that affect the company’s bottom line. TOC starts by identifying the root causes of a constraint or problem, developing understandable chart and formulating steps that solve the root causes of the problem and constraints (Goldratt et al: 2000) It is basically identifying a goal and formulating ways of achieving that goal on a consistent basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC is divided into two: Five focusing steps Special thinking processes How it works Special thinking processes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pertinent questions asked what to change, to what to change, how to cause change provides a framework and thinking process, which is an integral part of TOC process as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solutions to problems are formulated through the adoption of strategies developed on logic of cause-and-affect. The whole concept of cause-and-effect analyzes a problem from the signs to coming up with an action plan (Scheinkopf: 1999) TOC is applied in organizations to solve problems. It is aptly described using the following questions. What to change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Core conflict is a problem that is unavoidable, unresolved problem that hinders the organization from achieving its desired goals. This conflict can be identified through observed signs and cause-and-effect methods. Due to the nature of the core conflict; causing undesired and damaging effects, organizations are forced to formulate policies that will remedy these undesired and damaging effects caused by the core conflict. The first process is the identification of the core conflict using the three-cloud process. The core conflict to be identified is determined whether it is one that is causing all the undesirable effects. The second process of TOC in answering the ‘what to change’ question is the developing of the current reality tree which justifies the core conflict identified in process 1 above. Current reality tree explaining the cause and effects patterns and also recognizes the factors that aid the existence of undesirable effects. To what to change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In answering this question, solution to the core conflict is developed. Questioning all the logical assumptions underlying the existence of the core conflicts does this. It is paramount that the solution developed should ‘treat’ completely all the causes and a whole range of other aspects of the undesirable effects. The solution developed is basically a strategy that will include improvements. These improvements ensure that the core conflict does not recur again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The solution developed take into consideration the anticipated undesirable effects and therefore deters their occurrence. The third step of the TOC process under ‘to what to change’ question is the identification of the assumptions behind the core conflict and trying to eliminate them. This is done by the critical evaluation and questioning of these assumptions. The fourth step is the construction of a future reality tree that is able to formulate and develop a solution (strategy) to the core conflict and the undesirable effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The undesirable effects should be desirable effects after the adoption of the strategy which should be in line with the overall strategic objectives of the system. The solution must also prevent any further occurrence of undesirable effects and suggest the improvements in terms of policies, procedures or benchmarks.   It is also necessary that the strategy support the current TOC applications used to ensure the effectiveness of the new strategy in solving the core conflict (Schragenheim: 1999) How to cause change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the whole concept of TOC is about on-going improvements which as seen earlier, is basically change, then the organization should develop ways of implementing the changes bearing in mind the various organization cultures.   The idea of planning for the changes is to avoid resistance because without the full cooperation of stakeholders in an organization, even the best of the strategies is doomed to fail. ‘How to cause change’ question leads to the fifth and sixth steps of a TOC process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fifth step involves the development of a tactical objectives map. This is usually a road map that identifies the various steps that the organization undergoes from the current state to the future state. In the future state, the strategy formulated to cope with the core conflict and undesirable effects, is fully actualized and therefore the organization is on course to achieve its goals. The process of developing the tactical objectives map should clearly explain the functions of each sub system within a certain specified duration. A prerequisite tree is used to achieve the objective (Schragenheim: 1999) The sixth and final step of the TOC process is the formulation of ways in which all the proposed actions will work together in order to reach the future state. The proposed actions relationship will be explained using transition trees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Five Focusing steps of TOC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any extensive system in an organization, there are factors that negate the attainment of the set goals. These factors are usually problematic and prevent the system from achieving the set goals. These factors are what are called constraints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC establishes that in any system, there exist constrains that affect the attainment of the objectives in a system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective, earlier identification and solving of these constraints leads to better formulation of solutions which will improve the system in terms of future strategic improvements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC works on the premise that in an organization or system, there are strong and weak points. It further explains that focusing on the strong points of system or organization is an act in futility because the whole system will still be negated by the one weak point.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore it is important that organizations concentrate in strengthening or eliminating that weak point in order to improve the whole system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The five focusing steps of TOC explain the achievement of on-going improvement through the analysis of the constraints in a continuous process. The five steps are; Constraints identification Decide how to exploit the constraint in the best way Subordinate everything else to above decisions Elevate the system constraints Avoiding inertia being a constraint and if constrain is broken in step 4 go back to step 1 Constraint identification A problem cannot be fixed if it has not been identified. The same case applies to a constraint. The organization needs to identify the constraints that hinder the achievement of the set goals. The undesired effects are then assessed to establish whether they are from one constraint. All the above identification and analysis of the constraint helps the organization to formulate strategies that are used to mitigate the undesirable effects consulting from the constraint. Exploitation of the constraint Constraints are the cause of lack of the achievement of the system goals. Therefore it is necessary that an organization uses the identified constraints and turning them to desirable effects which then aids in the achievement of the system or organizational goals. The organization should ensure that it makes most of the opportunities resulting from the identified constraint. Subordinating everything else to decisions above   Any policies or requirements of a non-constraint that are outside the control of the constraint should be subordinated thus avoid limiting the constraint.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The system should also not expect the constraint to produce more than its capability because it might lead to more branches of constraints like increased lead times, inventory pile up and clash of decisions that may confuse the whole system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The constraint subordination leads to the identification of the opportunities that be utilized in the achievement of system and organizational goals. Elevate the system constraint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Excess and unutilized opportunities can only be realized after the isolation and analysis of the constraint through management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Isolation of the constraint may also indicate that extra opportunities in terms of e.g. capacity may be needed. Hence the acquisition or transfer of workload to other resources may be initiated (McMullen: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important that before an acquisition of excess resource capacity is undertaken; all possible options that lead to goal achievement are explored and thus save on the creation of unnecessary extra capacity which can itself become a constraint hence creating branches of constraints. If in previous steps constraints are broken go back to step 1 During the exploitation subordination or elevation of the constraint, it might be eliminated. The elimination of constraint does not mean that there will be no further constraint. Other constraints will be appear and therefore the need to revisit the whole process by going back to step 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An example of how solving one constraint lends to another is when the constraint is lack of capacity. Acquiring more capacity thereby lending more rooms for production may eliminate lack of capacity. However, this may lead to overproduction so that the new constraint is the lack of market (McMullen: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore TOC involves the analysis of systems and processes in a continuous manner hence the term on-going improvement. Application of Theory of Constraints Theory of constraints principles has been applied in a wide variety of fields ranging from business, government to non-government organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utilization of TOC processes creates huge savings in costs and increase in profitability. Basically it can lead to faster realization of system goals, which is the desire of any organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the areas that TOC concept can be applied include the following Manufacturing operations Logistic and supply chain Finance and accounting Project management Marketing and sales Synchronous Flow manufacturing (SFM) In a manufacturing process, the factory’s resources in terms of capacity is hampered by its constraints operation, the capacity constraining resource (CCR)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The constraint leads to inefficiencies, which may include loss of time due to e.g. idle time. The loss of this time is irrecoverable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a manufacturing process, the theory of constraints measures the performance based on the amount of finished goods produced, levels of inventories and operating expenses. The number of units of finished goods produced should be more while the inventory levels and operating expenses amount should be lower (Levinson: 2002).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a synchronous flow manufacturing, the production information is between CCR and production starts. The CCR ensures production in form of production starts. A deficit at the CCR leads to lose of time, which cannot be recovered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Drum-Buffer-Rope production control is achieved in a SFM in the following way: The constraint operation controls the factory’s production speed by hindering the overall rate of production. This is same as â€Å"beating the drum† of the speed of production. The constraint is then connected with the production outputs by a rope in order to achieve the level of production speed dictated by the CCR. It is also necessary that a buffer of inventory is maintained at the or just before the constraint to avoid stoppages in pre constraint production stages. The whole process thus results in a Drum-Buffer-Rope production (Levinson: 2002). Logistics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC application in logistics involves the analysis of drum-buffer-rope scheduling, buffer management and VAT. Drum-Buffer-Rope   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is used to plan the flow of materials in a TOC process. As explained earlier in the SFM, the drum is the constraint and is responsible for determining the speed of the whole process. Buffer is the resource that sustains the end product. Buffer stock avoids breaks in the process therefore ensuring the optimization of the end product. The rope is a plan for introducing inputs to the production floor. It is basically a control that ensures that no more than the required resources are released into the production floor. The rope also ensures that the constraint is subordinated by the non-capacity constraints (Dettmer: 1998) Buffer Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in the management of the production schedule in the production floor. The buffers can be at the constraint, assembly or shipping. Buffer management ensures that there is no idle capacity, which can lead to the non-achievement of the end product or customer deadline. VAT Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VAT analysis establishes the general flow of the production process from the beginning to the end i.e. the flow of inputs up to the end product. VAT analysis assumes that the whole production process in terms of products, raw materials and processes are intertwined. VAT analysis, therefore, establishes that the interactions result into three production structures; the V logical, A logical and T logical structures. Logical structures are the expected patterns and processes hat a product must undergo to its completion (Dettmer: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The V logical structure starts the production process with one or a few inputs, which then result into many products as it flows through the logical structures. The end result of this production process is many end products. The A logical structure starts with many inputs which then converge as the production process progress and consequently result into a single or few finished products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The T logical structure results into same end products produced from the same process and sub processes. The raw materials pass through a number of same processes, which then provide inputs to the several sub processes that result into similar end products. In VAT analysis, the system control points, which can be gating operations, divergent points, constraints and delivery points are identified and managed once the production flow is determined. These control points are then analyzed to establish whether buffers can be used to maximize the production and avoid stoppages (Dettmer: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The control points to be adopted in the management of the production process depend on the shape of the logical structure. A V structure utilizes the constraint, gating operation and divergent points. Buffers are used to ensure uninterrupted flow to the constraint with gating operation controlling the resource availability. Divergent point uses the delivery schedule thus avoiding wrong material allocation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A T structure uses constraint and gating operation with the output of the gating being pegged on the constraint. The constraint is managed using the five steps focusing process. In the A logical structure, the constraints, gating operation, divergent and convergent points are analyzed. Finance and Accounting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a Finance department of a company, there are two types of accounting statements that are made; the Financial accounting (for shareholders, government and other external stakeholders) and Management accounting (for management). Under the management accounting, the following accounting techniques are used: Absorption costing – focuses on cost Variable costing – contribution Throughput accounting is arrived at if the concepts of absorption and variable costing are applied to management accounting. Throughput accounting is basically cash based non allocation method which is slightly different from full absorption costing in the sense that throughput accounting expenses manufacturing overhead costs in the period the product is produced while full absorption costing allocates the costs to products until sold (Youngman 2008). The measures of throughput, inventory and operating expense can be used together with the analysis of constraints to maximize profitability in a business. Decisions made are based on the knowledge of constraints within the system and where it will occur in the future. These constrains can be external or internal. Internal constraints calls for the calculation of the through put generated per unit item of the constraint while external constraints treats any through put above total variable costs or positive contribution to the system (Youngman 2008). In throughput accounting, a change of one critical aspect calls for the complete evaluation of the whole system. It is basically the effects of decision but not the product that is considered.   Despite of all the benefits of throughput accounting over marginal and absorption costing, it has been found that it is not perfect. It does not allocate fixed costs. This thus has lead to the development of Constraints Accounting concept. Constraints accounting, introduces the effects of constraints to profit and loss statement thus subordinating management accounting to the set goals of the firm. Constraints are broken as operating providing ways of achieving goal congruence in both short term and long term results (Caspari and Caspari: 2004) Project Management All types of projects in different fields have two common problems; that they are uncertain and competing resources, deadlines and project details. These problems therefore make project management an uphill task. TOC tries to address the problems associated with projects by answering the three pertinent questions of: What to change To what to change How to cause the change In answering the â€Å"What to change† question, the organization must identify and effectively solve the cause of all the problems associated with project management. (Jacob and Mc Cleland: 2001) Multiple projects may pose serious problems resulting from wrong decisions on project start times. Wrong start times may affect the resource committed to existing projects thus delaying their finish times. Single projects problems may originate form wrong assumptions made during the planning and scheduling stages (Schragenheim: 1999) Answering the â€Å"to what to change† question should adequately tackle the root causes of problems associated with project management. This is done through planning, effective scheduling, introduction of work that creates extra capacity, project control and work actions that facilitate good project performance (Newbold: 1998) Project planning involves all stakeholders and basically identifies constraints thereby avoiding reworks halfway through the projects. Important tasks, paths and resource needs are established Project scheduling considers the critical chain by evaluating task, resources and iteration dependencies. Introduction of work should not exceed the existing capacity so as to avoid creating further constraints. Buffer management helps in the control of the project by identifying areas that need buffer stock thus ensuring uninterrupted flow of work. TOC project management adopts delay runner work ethics, which enables the workers to immediately start working on the assigned tasks, and provide notification of completed works (Jacob and Mc Cleland: 2001) The last question of the project management is the â€Å"How to cause the change†. Change should be implemented at a pace that allows for the identification of necessary changes while at the same time ensuring project progress. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is evident from the discussions above that TOC is an important concept, which revolutionizes business processes hence leading to the attainment of the set goals of organizations. The adoption of TOC concept in the various organizational functions in many industries underscores its importance. References Goldratt, E. M., and Cox J., (1994). The Goal: A process of continuous improvement, 2nd Revised Edition.   The North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., Schragenheim, E., and Ptak, C., (2000) Necessary but not sufficient.   The North River Press. Caspari, J. A., and Caspari, P., (2004) Management Dynamics: merging constraints accounting to drive improvement.   John Wiley Sons Inc. Dettmer, H. W., (1998) Breaking the constraints to world class performance.   ASQ Quality Press. Scheinkopf, L., (1999) Thinking for a change: putting the TOC thinking processes to use. St Lucie Press/APICS series on constraint management. Schragenheim, E., (1999) Management dilemmas: The Theory of Constraints approach to problem identification and solutions.   St. Lucie Press. Newbold, R. C., (1998) Project management in the fast lane: applying the theory of constraints.   St. Lucie Press, 284 pp. McMullen, T. B. C., (1998) Introduction to the Theory of Constraints (TOC) management system.   St. Lucie Press. Jacob, D., B and Mc Cleland, W., T (2001). The Theory of Constraints: Project Management. The Goldratt Institute. Retrieved on 6/3/2008 from http://www.goldratt.com/tocpmwhitepaper.pdf Youngman, K. J (2008). A guide to implementing TOC. Retrieved on 6/3/2008 from   http://www.dbrmfg.co.nz/Bottom%20Line%20Accounting%20for%20Change.htm Levinson, A. W. (2002). The theory of constraints and synchronous flow manufacturing. Levinson Productivity Systems P.C. retrieved on 6/3/2008 from http://www.ct-yankee.com/lean/toc_sfm.html

Different Aspects Of Patient Care Nursing Essay

Different Aspects Of Patient Care Nursing Essay To help me reflect upon my practice from my first placement to my second placement, I will use Driscolls model of reflection (Driscolls model 2000). Driscolls model uses three stages to help analyse practice; what happened; providing a description of the event, what have you learned; giving an account of how you felt at the time and what you have learned after revisiting the experience and finally your proposed actions for the future and how you are going to implement what you have learned from reviewing the experience (John Driscoll, 2011). Throughout this assignment I will be discussing different aspects of patient care which have occurred during my time in my first and second placement. To maintain patient confidentiality within my assignment I had to gain consent from patients, making them fully aware of why I needed their consent and how their information would be used, following the NMC code of conduct You must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC, 2008). During my assignment I will not be using the patients real names due to confidentiality but, I will be addressing them using Patient A and Patient B. Firstly, I am going to reflect on practice using Driscolls reflective model. The first stage is to describe what happened during my experience. While on my second placement, myself and a nurse had to bed bath patient A in a side room. The patient was in the side room due to having Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff) which was found after sending a loose stool sample. I had already gained consent from patient A for myself and the nurse to give a bed bath in accordance with the NMC code of conduct (NMC, 2008) and following this I went to collect the correct equipment to perform the task. As patient A had Clostridium Difficile they needed to be isolation nursed. We isolate nurse to prevent the risk of spreading germs to other patients and staff (NHS, 2010). Outside of the side room there were red aprons and gloves which needed to be put on before entering. Before entering the side room, it is essential to collect all equipment to avoid leaving the room unnecessarily. You need to put on a pro tective apron and gloves to prevent the risk of contamination to clothes and hands (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). Once in the side room, I explained to patient A what would happen. I encouraged patient A to be as independent as possible; however, patient A could only do little due to reduced mobility. I made sure dignity was maintained at all times by exposing only the part of the body I was cleaning. As patient A was less mobile, patient A couldnt fully assist with rolling; however, with support from myself and the nurse, we could roll patient A enough to clean the back and buttocks. To enable this to happen; I put patient As arms across their chest and gently rolled patient A onto their side, I provided support to patient A while the nurse cleaned and put clean sheets on the bed. During the task I communicated with patient A to ensure they felt comfortable, and to keep patient A informed of what myself and the nurse where doing. Driscolls model now asks me to analyse my feelings and what I have learned. Throughout the experience I felt confident in what I was doing as I had gained previous experience on my first placement; however, when I was on my first placement at a surgical ward I was asked to bed bath a patient with the assistance of a Health care assistant, I felt very anxious as I had never been in direct patient contact before and this was the first time I had been in a care environment. Although I had learned about the requirements of personal qualities and how to promote dignity and autonomy which is needed to assist with personal care in lectures at University, I had never put them into practice until my first placement. During this event I have learned what isolation nursing is and why we need to implement it if a patient has contracted certain infections. At first, I did not feel comfortable with the concept of isolation nursing as I had never come across this type of infection prevention and control procedure before; however, the nurse explained to me the importance of putting on a red apron and gloves before entering the room, and explained to me that I need to dispose of my apron and gloves in an orange clinical waste bag for incineration and to wash my hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the room to remove and spores, and explained that I should not use my alcohol gel in this situation as it is ineffective at eliminating spores. Infection Prevention and control is a term used to protect people from infections. It is used in healthcare to prevent patients acquiring those infections associated with health care and to prevent the transmission of micro-organisms from one patient to another (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). In the future, if I were to isolate nurse a patient, I feel I would be more confident as I now understand the importance of infection prevention and control procedures such as wearing protective clothing to prevent spreading infections and the process of discarding contaminated waste. On evaluation of this experience, I feel that my communication skills on my second placement have improved greatly from my first placement, as I am now feeling more comfortable with communicating with different people to help establish a therapeutic relationship, as this is very important when delivering patient care. I believe I communicated effectively with the patient and a therapeutic relationship was recognised. I will now reflect upon Organisational Aspects of Care. During my first placement on a surgical ward, I had to take many observations including; Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, Temperature, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate. On the surgical ward, immediately after surgery the above observations needed to be taken every hour. During my second placement, which was on a medical ward, observations are taken every 4 or 8 hours depending on the needs of the patient; however, if the Doctor or Nurse deems the patient to be at risk, the observations are increased. When carrying out all observations, it is vital the patients Early Warning Score chart is available, as this is where all observations are recorded. This assessment tool is divided into sections relating to the types of observation you are taking. Within the sections is a colour code to indicate if the recording is of no, low, mild or high concern. All observations need to be recorded, as anything that is not written down did not happen. When recording in official documents all information needs to be eligible and correct and needs to have the date and time it commenced (NMC, 2008). The first time I had to assist with taking observations, I was very nervous as I had never taken them before and was unsure of how to approach the patient as I had not yet formed a therapeutic relationship with them. I found it difficult to take patients temperature as I was not sure how far into the ear canal I should put the tympanic probe; however, I asked my mentor for advise and she said that what I was doing was correct which gave me more confidence the next time. With regards to the patients Early Warning Score, I always record each result as soon as it has been measured to make sure I do not forget, or mistake it for something else. When recording any result, it is vital to check if the patient has any parameters set, most patients on my second placement had parameters set. Patients would have parameters set if the EWS parameters are not specific enough to the patient. Once all observations have been taken it is essential to note whether the patient has an early warning score or not. If the patient does have an early warning score, it is imperative to tell a staff nurse immediately as this could be a sign of something severe. Measures and documents vital signs and responds appropriately to findings outside the normal range (NMC, 2010) Another observation which I found difficult was respiration rate. I learned at University to be discreet when looking at a patients respiratory rate, as, if the patient knows what you are observing, they are more likely to alter their breathing rate, which gives you a false reading. On my second placement, I feel more confident with taking observations; however, I still struggle with respiration rate. I now know that I can observe the patients breathing while checking their pulse; however, if they start to talk or their chest does not make significant movement I find it takes me a while. When taking observations now, I feel much more confident with the layout of the Early Warning Score Chart and knowing when it is necessary to inform my mentor or staff nurse. Over a period of time, my skills will develop sufficiently, and I will gain more experience helping me to understand what is appropriate for the patient; nevertheless, I feel as a first year student nurse, my skill level when taking observations, recording them and my knowledge of an Early Warning Score assessment tool is what it should be. I will now discuss Nutritional and Fluid Management in accordance to Driscolls reflective model. While on my second placement, a medical ward, I had to care for patients who needed assistance with eating and drinking. During meal times, some patients required assistance with eating and drinking, such as; cutting up their food into reasonable sized pieces which they could independently manage. On one occasion I was asked if I could feed a patient, to which I agreed. I already had my apron on, so I approached patient B to ask if it was OK for me to assist them with their dietary needs, to which they answered it was, I then proceeded to wash my hands to prevent contamination of infections (NMC, 2008), (NICE, 2012). I brought patient Bs dinner straight from serving to ensure it was hot and manoeuvred patient Bs table to a comfortable position for myself to avoid over stretching, and prevent spillage of food, then sat patient B upright in their bed to prevent choking and, made sure they w ere comfortable and presentable before starting to feed to maintain patient dignity and autonomy (NMC, 2012) .Throughout the meal time, I was careful not to rush patient B with their eating, and I encouraged them to drink plenty. I acknowledged when patient B wanted a rest, and when they were full, trying to encourage patient B to eat as much as possible before indicating the need to stop. Patient B had a food and fluid chart as they were at risk of malnutrition. A food chart provides suitable evidence of a persons nutritional intake which acts as a valuable resource for all members of a multi-disciplinary team; dieticians and nurses to assess whether a dietary treatment plan is necessary for the particular patient (Freeman, 2002). It was my role, once patient B had finished their lunch to complete the charts accurately. All through the experience I was very nervous as I had never assisted someone with food and drink, and I had not yet developed a therapeutic relationship with patient B. On my previous placement, a surgical ward, most patients were independent with food and drink so did not require support, or monitoring on a food chart due to the majority of patients having healthy diets, therefore I did not have a great opportunity to learn what they are, or how to fill them in correctly. However, on my second placement I had witnessed a health care assistant filling in a food chart, so I used my initiative to ask what they were and how you fill them in, so I knew what to do if a situation arose where I needed to complete it. As I had never assisted anyone with feeding before, I felt inadequate and uncomfortable in case I put too much or too little onto the cutlery or fed the patient slower or faster than they would usually eat. On reflection of this experience, I feel I communicated well with patient B to ensure I was appropriate with my actions and that I met their nutritional and fluid needs. I believe I completed the food and fluid charts accurately, leaving me feeling confident if a similar situation occurred. If this situation arose again, I now feel confident I know how to approach it, after gaining experience on my second placement with helping patients with food and drink. I now consider myself to have acquired the correct knowledge and skills to not feel inadequate as I previously had, and I now know what to do when assisting with feeds and completing the required charts, giving me more self-assurance when I approach patients. I will now reflect upon the skills cluster; medicines management comparing my first placement and my second placement as a first year student nurse. Throughout my two placements subcutaneous injections were commonly used. The injection I will be talking about is Tinzaparin because it was used on both the surgical and medical ward. Tinzaparin is a low molecular weight heparin and is used for the treatment and prevention of blood clots (British National Formulary, 2011). During my first placement; a surgical ward, Tinzaparin was frequently used and I had previously observed my mentor administering the injection. After observing my mentor, she asked if I would like to administer the injection, to which I agreed. I had never given an injection; only to a model when learning the technique in University, so I felt very apprehensive. Before giving the injection I would gain consent from the patient, explaining what I would be doing and where on their body I would be administering the injection as there are various places subcutaneous injections can be given. I would ensure I would not be giving the injection into the same sight as the previous day as this can affect absorption rate (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). The patient gave me full consent to give the injection into their abdomen so I would continue to prepare. Prior to giving the subcutaneous injection, I checked it was the correct; drug, dose, patient, route, date and time and if it was signed by a doctor. If this was all correct, I would proceed to cleanse my hands to prevent contamination of medication. To administer the injection I would gently pinch the skin to lift the adipose tissue away from the muscle, removing the needle sheath and inserting the needle into the skin on a 45ÃÅ'Ã…   angle then releasing the skin. I would withdraw the needle quickly and apply pressure with a cotton wool ball (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). After giving the injection I would make sure all sharps were disposed of correctly and all documentation was completed and countersigned by my mentor. When on my second placement administration of subcutaneous injections was common on the evening medication rounds. I now feel less apprehensive about giving a subcutaneous injection as I have had practice and my professional skills have developed; however, I feel I need to increase my confidence, which will happen after I have given more injections. This is my first time in a health care environment; I had never observed anyone giving injections before my first placement. I found giving an injection daunting, especially if the patient was underweight; however, my mentor on my first placement said my technique was OK which calmed me down and gave me more self-esteem. I am definitely happier with the technique of administering a subcutaneous injection and I no longer feel as hesitant as I did on my first placement. On evaluation of medicines management, if I were to give a subcutaneous injection again I would feel less anxious as I now have practice and all relevant paper work completed to say I am competent. Even though the practice in placement has developed my skills greatly, I do not feel confident giving a subcutaneous injection to an underweight patient. I would communicate more with the patient, putting them at ease with my ability to administer the injection and I will continue to use the correct technique shown to me in University. After reflecting on my practice from placement one and two of my first year as a student nurse, I now know what I need to do to develop my skills throughout my second year as a student nurse. To show my development I will keep an up to date portfolio of my achievements to provide evidence of meeting the required competencies. To develop my skills as a second year nurse, I will continue to work closely with my practice mentors and academic mentors, seeking help and advice when needed to ensure I am professional and knowledgeable in my career. I will gain more experience as a second year, participating in different aspects of a nurses role to help further my development as a nurse. At all times I will work within my limitations as a student nurse and I will abide by University and work protocols to maintain a safe environment for myself, colleagues and patients. I aspire to nurse patients in a holistic manner, having a greater input into decisions about patient care, putting into practice all what I have learned by implementing the essential skills clusters. I will continue to treat all patients as individuals, maintaining their confidentiality and building therapeutic relationships to ensure I am promoting their health needs.

Electrical Appliances Good Retail Marketing Essay

Electrical Appliances Good Retail Marketing Essay Goa is Indias smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located on the west coast of India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. WHY TO ESTABLISH A RETAIL STORE IN GOA Goas gross state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices. Goa is one of Indias richest states with the highest GDP per capita and two and a half times that of the country as a whole, and one of its fastest growth rates: 8.23% (yearly average 1990-2000) Tourism is Goas primary industry: it handles 1 of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the splendid climate. In the summer time (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays. Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland. In 2004, there were more than 2 million tourists reported to have visited Goa, 400,000 of which were from abroad. ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES GOOD, RETAIL LIVE WELL My term paper is to open up the retail store of the electrical appliances. The name of my store is LIVE WELL.This store to be contain the number of variety and assortment of the electrical goods. My retail store LIVE WELL to be contain the CFL tubes ,Usha fans , Bajaj fans , Philips tubes , Sylvania tubes , all types of circuits , Crompton fans and White tubes etc . Business MissionVision LIVE WELL mission statement is to focus on bringing high quality electrical goods and services to the market at the lowest possible prices every day. The mission statement is well understood throughout the organization. LIVE WELL offers their customers with low prices on selected private and a limited selection of nationally branded products in a wide range of merchandise categories. Rapid inventory turnover, high sales volume per warehouse, leveraging an efficient operating structure, reduced handling of merchandise, and making themselves the low cost operator in retail is all key elements that make the retail store so successful. LIVE WELL defines its business in terms of benefiting their customers. In addition to offering low prices on top-quality goods and a variety of convenient services Type of retail format and ownership (Variety and assortment decisions regarding products or services to be offered);I am opening these electrical goods retail, on my own ,i.e Partnership business Electrical Goods Store Product services. TUBES Basically the best quality tubes are Philips , Crompton , Surya . All these different brands are kept in my store . Basically 40 walt tubes are demanded by the customers and very less quantity of 20 walt tubes are demanded by the customers . So these particular brands are kept in my store . FANS Fans are required in the summer season. There are different brands of fans . But most popular brands are Khaitan , Bajaj , Usha etc . The quality of these brands is very good. There is hardly any complaint regarding these brands. BULBS Today people dont like yellow light bulbs . At present people like white light bulbs . The best quality brand for white light bulb is Crompton . Crompton provides 2 year guarantee. The light of Crompton bulbs is very good . At night people like colored zero walt bulbs . SWITCHES The best quality in switches is anchor and Havell. There are various varieties in switches. Like two pin plugs, three pin plugs , bed switches , multi-plugs , extension . FANCY LIGHTS Today people like to have fancy lights in there houses . They use different fancy lights for decorating their houses. Different types of lighting stands are there. WIRES Wires OF Havel are kept in the store. HEATERS Heaters are required in the winter season . Usha and Apsara are two major brands. MARKETING PLAN:- MULTI CHANNEL DECISIONS LIVE WELL retail ELECTRICAL retail to use the multi-channel these channel were used for selling the electrical good. By using a combination of channels to be provided unique benefits to my electrical retail store by attract and satisfy more customers. My electrical retail uses all three channels to interact with its customers. These are following STORE CHANNEL It is provide the browsing to the customers before purchasing of products It is also provided touching and feeling products opportunity to the customer store channel to given advantage for the customer to get the product immediately after they buy it. CATALOG Our electrical retail is also provided the Catalog channel; offer the convenience of looking at product and placing an order on any day at any time from almost anywhere. We are also provided the photographs of electrical goods in catalogs, while not as useful as in store presentations, are superior to the visual information that can be displayed on a CRT screen. INTERNET CHANNEL Our electrical retail provides the information to customer about which the electrical good are available in our retail store. These Internet channels also contain the all information about electrical good price. The benefit of Internet channel as compared with the other two channels is the vast number of consumers to purchase the product easily. Retail market strategy to be followed and preparation of Strategic Retail planning; Retail market strategy is a statement identifying The retailers target market The format the retailer plans to use to satisfy the target markets need The vases upon which the retailer plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Our electrical retail will be containing the strong brand electrical product for the customers. It will be developing clear and price positioning strategies and creating an emotional attachment with customers through loyalty programs. We also will be using the retail mix to create an image of the retailer in the customers mind relative to its competitors. Stores will be offering fine quality electrical goods at competitive prices Retail market strategy to be followed and preparation of Strategic Retail planning. RETAIL FORMAT In which I have included the different strategies which lead our business and used different competitive promotional planned which make our retail store attractive and effective. And these should be done according to these points; Nature of merchandise and services offered Pricing policy Advertising and promotion programs Store design and visual merchandising Customer services. LOCATION Location of retail store is important aspect as customer point of view because location is the critical factor in consumer selection of store and whenever we opened a retail store than we have assumed the different factor which showed our retail store features like as: Demographic features(to know about the potential customer in that area, metropolitan statistical area) Competition(to know about the competitors and how they far from my retail store) Strategic fit(to must know about the life style of potential customer) Operating cost(different area have different cost) No. of small shops in that area Economy of scale We are establishing our ELECTRICAL BUSINESS LIVE WELL in the state GOA,near Dabolim airport.while establishing a business in GOA some certain requirements should be taken into consideration :- TRFFIC This refer to both regular and pedestrian traffic as GOA being a main Centre of tourist industry so there will be a high traffic in GOA.The traffic that passes the site is an important determinant of the potential sales that can be generated from that store. However it is essential that the traffic is suitable to the kind of products to be retailed in the store. ACCESIBILITY TO MARKET Accessibility of market in terms of availability of public transport in GOA is essential while determining the site of retail store .Public transport refers to means of recharging the market the frequency of bus/train services and connectivity to different parts of the city. THE NUMBER OF STORE AND TYPE OF STORE IN THAT AREA If there are large number of stores in market then there more and more customers will come .The type of store exist in the area is also important .The type of competition also be taken into consideration while deciding the site AMENITIES AVAILABLE Depending upon the type of market to be retailed facilities like free and amplex parking become important. This is a factor that has gained importance. OPERATIONAL PLAN. The operational plan is an essential component of our retail established in GOA store and it tells the reviewer how you are going to get your product out to market. That is how you are going to get your product out of production stage to the doorstep of the target à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Who is doing what? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are the day to day activities? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How will the suppliers and vendors be used? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Who are the suppliers? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are the labor requirements? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are the sources of raw materials? Basically, you want to explain that how you are going to deliver your product. What are you and/or your employees going to be doing on a daily basis from the time you open up to time you close. This is what your reader wants to know. Some issues often addressed in an operational plan include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Production or manufacturing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inventory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distribution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintenance and service Order fulfillment and customer service Production or Manufacturing Every manufacturing business has a production process, and in my retail store of LIVE WELL ELECTRICALS there is a certain production or manufacturing department who manufactures the product. The way it goes about fabricating a raw or component material and creating an item with greater usefulness or desirability. However, even if our business is a service or retail operation, you have to use a method of producing something of value for your customers. Integral to the overall understanding of a production oriented business is an appreciation of how the company will manufacture its products. One straight forward way of conveying such information is to examine this activity in terms of resources, processes, and output. Capacity In my retail store established near Dabolim airport(GOA) capacity must be taken into consideration i.e Capacity is the measure of how much work your facilities, labor force, and equipment can handle. Does your production process have the capacity to keep orders up? Do you have too much capacity? Not enough capacity Productivity PRODUCTIVITY is very necessary in every retail store .In my store too productivity of electrical material is very important .Productivity measures how long and how many people it requires to produce your product or service. If you can produce more goods in less time, you can improve the bottom line from every dollar spent on equipment and operating costs such as salaries and rent. Labour In a city like GOA we should judge what kinds of and how many employees do you require to produce your product or service in the Electrical Retail store How are you going to use them? Are you going to be using seasonal workers Quality Assurance There should be a constant check in my retail store LIVE WELL of how are you going to keep consistent and maintain the same standards with each product or service. Such activities include regular inspections throughout the production process, occasional testing or sampling of goods. Facilities As my Retail store is located in GOA In business, the location of our facilities can prove a critical factor for your success. If your business is going require a large outlay of capital assets at the onset, you will need to make sure the facilities are adequate and are positioned properly. Whats the use of setting up a manufacturing facility in a rural setting with no transportation mechanisms? You will need to decide how you are going to get your product to your consumer and position your facility that will be both cost effective and efficient. Location My Retail store LIVE WELL should be established in an area which include the location of company headquarters, retail store (s), branch offices, additional plants, and others. Describe the size and how each will be allocated. Mention why you are located at your particular location and the benefits associated with it. Describe access to parking and transportation; air, rail, and surface shipping access, and loading docks, warehouse, and other facilities. Lease/Rent GOA being a small state so to have enough land for constructing is somewhat very difficult so we have too rather pay rent or to have a lease option . This is very important and make sure you understand all aspects of the lease. You dont want to be stuck in a 5 year lease if your business fails after the first year (Ive seen this happen a few times). Maintenance For the construction of a Retail store in GOA we should also see the operational costs associated with the building? Include the cost of gas, water and electricity. What are the costs for janitorial, trash removal and other operational costs Inventory Different businesses will have different inventory requirements. Of course, a large retail operation will have much more inventory than an engineering consultant so remember to use those points that apply to your business. Most of the retail operations I deal with overlook the importance of inventory management. An effective inventory management process can make all the difference in the world when it comes to making a huge profit. Merchandise Management For the purpose of Merchandise management in my retail outlet located In GOA the order received from a Vendor is kept in container and the inventory is raised whereas sale of each SKU to customer decreases the level of inventory. Therefore there is need to keep a record of total orders received and sale of SKU. There is a need to manage the merchandise so as to keep minimum level of stock which should be there the entire time.In store, Inventory for re-order and the time to which an order with vendor is to be placed so as to run business efficiently. Inventory management report: In my Electrical retail store established in GOA there is need to maintain this report so as to know the Level of Sales to do the forecast of sales for the next year, Amount of inventory available so as to know quantity of re-order, product which are available in the Store. This report is prepared to have a record for current year and recognize the deviations from the set standards and to make forecast for future years. This report will have information about the SKU which have been most sold during that period according to month, season. Buying Merchandise: My Retail store located in GOA will have a mix of Private and National-label brand so as to give both the quality and compatibility to customers. National brands are kept in stores so as to create an image in the mind of customers about quality that has been offered in stores where as private brands are kept because the target group of customers are people who are very price conscious and can compromise quality for cost moreover Private-label Brands have strong margins for retailer. Planning the retail communication program In my Retail store established in GOA the objective for communication program is to provide direction to people implementing the program about the long term objective and what effect will it have in creating brand image and other is to provide basis for evaluating its effectiveness. The objective for:- planning retail communication mix for the store is to create a store image among consumers such that whenever they have need for and home ware appliances the top-of-their-mind is our store and the amount of assortment which are being offered to customers here and they have favorable attitude coming into store. Next part of planning retail communication mix is to develop a budget, so as to make resource allocation decisions, allocation of merchandise to stores, staffing stores and floor and shelf space devoted to merchandise categories and to determine all these things correctly MARGINAL ANALYSIS METHOD is best which states that a store should increase communication expenditure as long as each additional rupee spent should generate more than a rupee. The strategy is to increase the expenditure so as to create brand image among customers, build brand uniqueness, and sustain that brand name of store unless it is giving in return more than the expense incurred on communication program. Setting the Promotion Mix LIVE WELL STORE in GOA we will decide how to properly utilize the marketing communications mix to meet our marketing objectives, it is important to consider the relative strengths and weaknesses of each component of the mix. Further, we must always define our total budget first (generally defined in the Marketing and/or Business Plan) and then decide upon the best way to leverage the different elements of the mix to maximize the return on our investment. We will balance the various parts of the mix to not only create an integrated approach to our marketing communications but we must also devote enough resources for each component to be successful. Advertising Reaches For the advertisement of my Retail store LIVE WELL I will prefer large, geographically dispersed audiences, often with high frequency; Low cost per exposure, though overall costs are high; Consumers perceive advertised goods as more legitimate; Dramatizes company/brand; Builds brand image; may stimulate short-term sales; Impersonal, one-way communication. Personal selling In my store established in (GOA) I will too give importance too personal buying as most effective tool for building buyers preferences, convictions, and actions; Personal interaction allows for feedback and adjustments; Relationship-oriented; Buyers are more attentive; Sales force represents a long-term commitment; Most expensive of the promotional tools Sale Promotion may be targeted at the trade or ultimate consumer; Makes use of a variety of formats: premiums, coupons, contests, etc.; Attracts attention, offers strong purchase incentives, dramatizes offers, boosts sagging sales; Stimulates quick response; Short-lived; Not effective at building long-term brand preferences Public Relation In my Retail store LIVE WELL in (GOA) it should be Highly credible; Very believable; Many forms: news stories, news features, events and sponsorships, etc.; Reaches many prospects missed via other forms of promotion; Dramatizes company or product; Often the most under used element in the promotional mix; Relatively inexpensive (certainly not free as many people thinkthere are costs involved) Many forms: Telephone marketing, direct mail, online marketing, etc.; Four distinctive characteristics: Nonpublic, Immediate, Customized, Interactive; Well-suited to highly-targeted Direct Marketing. Visual merchandising In my Retail store which planned to be located in GOA Visual merchandising is one of the final stages in trying to set out a store in a way that customers will find attractive and appealing and it should follow and reflect the principles that underpin the stores image. Visual merchandising is the way one displays goods for one displays goods for sale in the most attractive manner with the end purpose of making a sale. If it does not sell, it is not visual merchandising FINANCIAL PLAN While opening a retail store in Goa, finance plays an important role in the commencement of any store. Organization should manage its resources in a best possible manner to ensure that it has enough amount of money in Reserves. Goa is a great place to establish a retail store. Financial plan is at the end of your business plan, but the financial plan section is the section that determines whether or not your business idea is viable, and is a key component in determining whether or not your business plan is going to be able to attract any investment in your business idea. Basically, the financial plan section of the business plan consists of three financial statements The income statement: Shows that whether the retail store is making Profit or not: Cash incoming to your business and cash out. Shows whether or not your company has enough cash to pay its bills The cash flow projection The balance sheet and a brief explanation/analysis of these three statements. All the costs of getting your business up and running go into the startup expenses category. These expenses may include: Business registration fees Business licensing and permits Starting inventory Rent deposits Down payments on property Down payments on equipment Utility set up fees This is just a sampling of startup expenses; your own list will probably expand as soon as you start writing them down. Operating expenses are the costs of keeping your business running. Think of these as the things youre going to have to pay each month. Your list of operating expenses may include: salaries (yours and staff salaries) rent or mortgage payments telecommunications utilities raw materials storage distribution promotion loan payments office supplies maintenance cost BALANCE SHEET OF MY RETAIL STORE LIVE WELL LIABILITES RS Share capital Equity shares of Rs.10 1000000 Each General reserve 400000 Profit loss a/c 200000 Current liabilities 200000 TOTAL 1800000 ASSETS RS Fixed assets 800000 Investment 200000 Current assets 800000 1800000 Customer Relationship Management CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It is a process or methodology used to learn more about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. There are many technological components to CRM, but thinking about CRM in primarily technological terms is a mistake. The more useful way to think about CRM is as a process that will help bring together lots of pieces of information about customers, sales, marketing effectiveness, responsiveness and market trends. CRM helps businesses use technology and human resources to gain insight into the behavior of customers and the value of those customers.