An analysis of Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse :: To The Lighthouse Essays

An analysis of To the Lighthouse             Argument         Mrs. Ramsey is triumphant over Mr. Ramsey, by her ken and intuitive feeling of the more important things in life the judge of human relationships. Though she is submissive, with no mention of extensive educational background, she innately possesses the crucial social skills that gain the cohesion of the family as a entirely the respect and love of her children, and the continued survival of her marriage.   Part I The windowpane Had there been an axe handy, or a poker, any weapon that would shake gashed a hole in his fathers breast and killed him, there and then, James would dumbfound seized it... .(Mr. Ramsey) grinning sarcastically, not only with the pleasure of disillusioning his son and modeling ridicule upon his wje, who was ten thousand times better in every way than he was (James thought). P4 Yes, of course, if it sfine tomorro w, said Mrs. Ramsey. To her son these intelligences conveyed an over-the-top joy. P3 Perhaps you will wake up and find the sun flame and the birds singing, she said compassionately, smoothing.the little boys hair, for her husband, with his caustic saying that it would not be fine, had specked his spirits she could see. P15 But said his father, it won t be fine. P4 No waiver to the Lighthouse, James, he said. P14   What he (Mr. Ramsay) said was true. He was incapable of untruth neer tampered with a fact never altered a disagreeable word to suit the pleasure or convenience of any mortal being, least(prenominal) of all of his own children, who, sprung from his loins, should be aware from childhood that life is difficult. P4 When the spectacular clangour of the gong announced solemnly, authoritatively, that all those scattered about, in attics, in bedrooms, on little perches of their own, reading, writing, putting the last smooth to their hair, or secure dresses, must leave all that, and the little odds and ends on their washing-tables and dressing-tables, and the novels on the bed-tables, and the diaries which were so private, and assemble in the dining-room for dinner.

An Efficient and Practical Solution to Secure the Passwords of Smartcards

AN expeditious AND PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO SECURE THE PASSWORD OF SMARTCARDAbstractionThe ii unusual security system dangers on acute accent posting-based deep al-Quran cheque in conveyed homunculuss. Keen lineup-based transcendental key arrest is a stand by amongst the most ordinarily utilised security instruments to concentrate the personality of a yonder client, who moldiness keep a signifi scum bagt superb broadsheet and the comparison fight cry to finish a fruitful check mark with the server.The proof is by and vainglorious coordinated with a display boardinal foundation convention and out gives acute card-based riddle key verified important assention. We utilize two conventions as a administer of this system and they are ( 1 ) enemies with precomputed development put off in the taking into custody card, and ( 2 ) enemies with ordinary info ( as for diverse clip infinites ) put away in the astute card. The uncongenial step proposed for the security dan gers and secures the conventions.List TERMS- Verification, cardinal trade, at sea from the net and on-line vocabulary snipesPresentationDistant bank check is of amazing signifi backce to batten an organized waiter against revengeful out-of-town clients in spread models. To gro intent up security, crisp card based war cry register has turned with a title-holder amongst the most extraordinary avowal sections.This methodological abstract includes a waiter and a client and on a regular basis consist iii phases. This phase comprise split phase, where the waiter issues a acute card to the client.EXISTING SystemIn a current model,A strong and effectual client verification and cardinal assention political curriculum utilise acute cards. It is intended to compel interact tempting catchs including none private key tabular array, waiter proof, and so forth. In any instance the Copernican limitation of is a reasonably spunky computation cost. This is heighten with rough ot her proposition in by mistreating the focal points of pre-computation, i.e. , inordinate operations are finished in the discommitted from the net phase ( before the baulk ) . It is asserted in that their program can expect logged off word mention assails irrespective of the detail that the enigma studys put away in a savvy card is traded off.Related WorkAs a major facet of the security indoors dispersed models, different disposals and assets need insurance from unapproved use. Distant hindrance is the most by and large utilised scheme to concentrate the section of a distant client. This theme examines an orderly flaming for formalizing clients by three elements, to be specific secret word, astute card, and biometries. A non specific and brave construction is proposed to redesign two-comp wiznt proof to three-element verification. The rescript non merely wholly enhances the studys verification with easiness to boot secures client protection in disseminated models. Likewise , our system holds a some practice-accommodating belongingss of the basal two-component verification, which we accept is of independent investing.Inculcating false data assault is a singular genuine hazard to remote detector system, for which a enemy studies forge informations to drop conveying on blooper foot at upper point in time and verve squander in transportation system hubs. In this paper, we propose a novel transportation velocity safe helpful proof ( BECAN ) program for dividing infused false information. Ta powerfulness into history the arrogant diagram properties of detector hub organisation and the helpful bit-packed proof scheme, the proposed BECAN program can save verve by in front of agenda identifying and dividing the king of beasts s portion of infused false information with minor extra operate expenses at the in theodolite hubs. Furtherto a greater extent, merely a small sort out of infused false information demands to be checked by the sink, which accord ingly by and large decreases the problem of the sink. Both conjectural and reproduction consequences are prone to exhibit the viability of the proposed program every bit far as mellowed dividing likeliness and verve sparing.Secret word verification has been embraced as a standout amongst the most by and large utilised agreements as a portion of system surroundings to screen assets from unapproved access.Recently, LeeKimYoo S.W. Lee, H.S. Kim, K.Y. Yoo, Improvement of Chien et Al. s distant user hallmark strategy utilizing smart cards, reckoner Standards &038 A Interfaces 27 ( 2 ) ( 2005 ) 181183 and Lee-Chiu N.Y. Lee, Y.C. Chiu, Improved remote hallmark strategy with smart card, Computer Standards &038 A Interfaces 27 ( 2 ) ( 2005 ) 177180 individually proposed a acute card based secret cardinal proof program. We demonstrate that these two programs are some(prenominal) capable to phony assaults gave that the informations put away in the savvy card is revealed by the enemy . We likewise suggest an enhanced program with formal security verification.Despite the fact that the acute card brings amenitiess, it as well builds the danger on history of lost cards.When the smart card is possess by an aggressor, the aggressor will perchance try to analyse the secret information within the smart card to infer the hallmark appliance of the waiter and so hammer user certificates or interrupt the sound hallmark system In this paper, we analyze the lost smart card onslaught from Juang et al.s strategy 5 that proposes war whoop authenticated cardinal chthonicstanding. In order to bolster the security of the full system, we mitigated several(prenominal) of its failings.Computer security is one of most of import issues around the macrocosm. near computing machine systems are utilizing give-and-takes for their ain hallmark or confirmation mechanisms. A robust and efficacious attack for categorization of 24 individuals who their typewrite forms were collected introduced. A additive ( LDC ) , quadratic discriminant classifier ( QDC ) and k nearest populate ( K-NN ) are utilized to sort users keystroke forms. After that a set of mentioned corps de ballet methods are adopted to cut down the mistake rate and amplification the dependability of biometric hallmark system. Promising consequences have been achieved. The best mean FAR, FRR and EER parametric quantities are achieved for remarkable classifiers as 19.20 % , 0.81 % and 1.39 % severally. The province of the art public presentation consequences mean FAR, FRR and EER parametric quantities are achieved for the ensemble classifiers as 0.00 % , 0.00 % and 1.15 % severally.The comfort of 802.11-based distant entree systems has prompted unbounded organisation in the client, modern and military parts. Notwithstanding, this use is predicated on a verifiable guess of classifiedness and handiness. While the security imperfectnesss in 802.11 s indispensable in private constituents have been b y and large promoted, the dangers to system handiness are far less loosely increase in value. Actually, it has been proposed that 802.11 is deeply powerless to noxious disclaimer of-administration ( DoS ) assaults concentrating on its disposal and media entree conventions. This paper gives an explorative examination of such802.11-particular assaults their common sense, their adequacy and possible low-overhead executionPROPOSED SYSTEM existing program was farther enhanced by proposed program. which demonstrates that attackers can efficaciously copy the client with old secret key and old information in the savvy card. In this manner, another program was proposed to change that imperfectness, together with a few other tender belongingss, for illustration, frontward enigma and secret key altering with no coaction with the waiter. The security scrutiny made in demonstrates that the enhanced program waistcloth procure under disconnected from the net word mention assault in the superb card bad luck instance.A alteration of bing program was as of late presented and Compared with the old program, the unseasoned program in gives the convenience of secret key altering operations and has a few engaging key belongingss.FacultiesPRODUCT PRESPECTIVEExisting described a cost-efficient user hallmark and cardinal understanding strategy utilizing smart cards. Existing strategy can be viewed as an betterment over the one proposed in, which is designed to suit a systema skeletale of desirable characteristics including no watchword tabular array, waiter hallmark, etc. But the major restriction of is a comparatively high calculation cost. This is improved with a new plan in by working the advantages of pre-computation, i.e. , dearly-won operations are effected in the offline-phase ( before the hallmark ) . It is claimed in that their strategy can foreclose offline-dictionary onslaughts even if the secret information stored in a smart card is compromised.PRODUCT FEATURESE xisting strategy was farther improved by kindly strategy shows that aggressors can successfully portray the user with old watchword and old informations in the smart card. on that pointfore, a new strategy was proposed to localization that defect, together with several other new belongingss such as out front secretiveness and watchword altering without any interaction with the waiter. The security analysis made in indicates that the improved strategy remains unafraid under offline-dictionary onslaught in the smart-card loss instance.An betterment strategy was late introduced by hearty strategy. Compared with the old strategy, the new strategy in provides the serviceability of password-changing operations and has several desirable key belongingss.DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTSConstraints IN synopsisConstraints as Informal TextConstraints as Operational RestrictionsConstraints Integrated in Existing Model ConceptsConstraints as a Separate ConceptConstraints Implied by the Model StructuresConstraints IN DESIGNDetermination of the problematical ClasssDetermination of the Involved ObjectsDetermination of the Involved ActionsDetermination of the Require ClausesGlobal actions and Constraint creditConstraints IN IMPLEMENTATIONA assorted leveled organizing of dealingss whitethorn convey more or less more categories and a more addled construction to put to death. thence it is suiting to alter the assorted leveled conjunction construction to an easier construction, for illustration, an established degree one. It is slightly direct to alter the formed assorted leveled theoretical vizor into a bipartite, degree theoretical account, consisting of categories from one position and degree dealingss on the other. Flat dealingss are favored at the outline degree for chiliad of effortlessness and practice easiness. There is no personality or usefulness connected with a flat connexion. A flat connexion compares with the connexion image of element relationship demonstrating and legion point situated systems.SYSTEM FEATURESThis paper returned to the security of two secret key validated cardinal assention conventions development superb cards. While they were thought to be unafraid, we demonstrated that these conventions are improper under their ain intuitions separately. Specifically, we considered a few kinds of enemies which were non viewed as in their lineations, e.g. , enemies with precomputed information put off in the astute card and enemies with diverse information ( as for typical clip gaps ) put away in the smartcard. These enemies babble to the possible dangers in spread models and are non the same as the normally known 1s, which we accept merit the consideration from both the scholarly initiation and the concern. We likewise proposed the replies for fix the security defects. At the end of the twenty-four hours, our results cozy up the criticality of extended security theoretical accounts and formal security scrutiny on the constellation of secret word verified cardinal assention conventions victimization superb cards.EXTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIREMENTSUSER INTERFACES1. All the substance in the undertaking are executed utilizing Graphical Client Interface ( graphical user interface ) in Java through JSP2. Each theoretical piece of the ventures is reflected utilise the JSP with Java3. Framework gets the information and conveys through the GUI based.HardwareInterfacesISDNYou can merge your AS/400 to a Joined Organizations Automated Framework ( ISDN ) for faster, more exact informations transmittal. An ISDN is an unfastened or private electronic correspondences sort out that can assist informations, facsimile, image, and diverse organisations over the same physical interface. Similarly, you can utilize typical traditions on ISDN, for case, IDLC and X.25.SOFTWARE INTERFACESThis merchandise is associated with the TCP/IP convention, Attachment and audition on fresh ports. Server Attachment and listening on fresh ports and JDK 1.6.COMMUNICATION INTERFACES1. TCP/IP protocol.OTHER ornamental REQUIREMENTSPerformance RequirementTo incorporate the several advantages of knowledgeable and external images, a straightforward scheme is to choose external images when the laterality mark of the internal images is below a predefined threshold. However, this threshold-based method is non elegant and the threshold is normally effortful to find. Therefore we propose a bunch based strategy to jointly choose the best summarisation from internal every bit great as external images, in an incorporate manner.Safety REQUIREMENTS1. The merchandise may be security know aparting. Provided that this is true, there are issues connected with its trustiness degree2. The merchandise may non be security know aparting in malice of the fact that it structures some piece of a well-being basic model. Case in point, programming may basically log exchanges.3. In the event that a model moldiness be of a high reputabi lity degree and if the merchandise is indicated to be of that uprightness degree, so the equipment must be at any rate of the same honesty degree.4. There is small point in presenting flawless codification in some idiom if equipment and model scheduling ( in broadest sense ) are non solid.5. On the off opportunity that a Personal computer model is to fountain scheduling of a high uprightness degree so that model ought non in the interim oblige scheduling of a lower honestness degree.6. Models with typical requirements for wellbeing degrees must be divided.7. Something else, the largest sum of trustiness obligate must be connected to all models in the same environmentFacultiesInformation STOCKPILLING PlanIn most savvy card-based secret word verification programs, superb cards merely hive away the information created amid the enlistment phase. Consequently, an enemy with the astute card can merely originate the information produced in that phase. However, this is diverse in bing convention, where the savvy card contains the information delivered amid the enlistment phase every bit good as created amid the precomputation phase. on these lines, an enemy with the superb card in can acquire both kinds of informationSECRET WORDCHANGING SchemeAs one can see, the important intent for the online and disconnected from the net word mention assaults on is the constellation of the superb card in registration phase, where V is figured with the terminal end of executing war cry altering with no connexion with the waiter. To do the convention secure, we can calculate V in an surrogate modeA alteration of bing program was as of late presented by robust strategy. Contrasted and the old program, the new program in gives the easiness of usage of secret key altering operations and has a few attractive key belongingss.HEARTY SCHEMEIn this paper, we consider an enemy who has the aptitude separate the information put off in the superb card of a peculiar client more than one t ime, i.e. , the enemy has the information in the astute card delivered at typical clip infinites because of secret word germinating. Such an enemy can efficaciously ( with overmastering likeliness ) figure the watchwords picked by a client in robust program. So we proposed new program that is powerful robust program for Smart- add-in secret key confirmationArchitecture DiagramAttacker with Pre-Computed Data in the Smart CardAttacker with Different Data in the Smart Card lastThis paper returned to the security of two secret word understanding conventions exploitation shrewd cards. While they were thought to be unafraid, we demonstrated that these conventions are faulty under their ain intuitions individually. Specifically, we considered a few kinds of enemies which were non thought to be in their programs, e.g. , enemies with precomputed information put off in the acute card and enemies with typical information ( sing diverse clip infinites ) put away in the smartcard. These enemies speak to the possible dangers in appropriated models and are non the same as the normally known 1s, which we accept merit the consideration from both the scholarly universe and the concern. We to boot proposed the replies for fix the security defects. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, our results high spot the essentiality of extended security theoretical accounts and formal security essay on the lineation of war cry validated cardinal assention conventions using superb cards.Mentions1 K-K. R. Choo, C. Boyd, and Y. Hitchcock, The criticality of verifications of security for cardinal foundation conventions ceremonious scrutiny of Jan-Chen, Yang-Shen-Shieh, Kim-Huh-Hwang-Lee, Lin-Sun-Hwang, and Yeh-Sun conventions, Comput. Commun. , vol. 29, no. 15, pp. 2788-2797, 2006. 2 H. Chien, J. Jan, and Y. Tseng, A productive and functional reaction for distant verification Smart card, Comput. Secur. , vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 372-375, Aug. 2002. 3 T.F. Cheng, J.S. Lee, and C.C. Chang, security measures mount of an IC-card-based remote login instrument, Comput.Netw. , vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 2280-2287, Jun. 2007. 4 C.-I Fan, Y.-C Chan, and Z.-K Zhang, Powerful distant verification program with astute cards . Comput.Secur. , vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 619-628, Nov. 2005. 5 J. Hu, D. Gingrich, and A. Sentosa, A k-closest neighbour attack for client verification through biometric keystroke flow , IEEE ICC Conference, pp. 1556-1560, Beijing, China, May 2008. 6 C.L. Hsu, Security of Chien et Al s. remote client verification program using savvy cards , Comput. Stand. Entomb. , vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 167C169, May 2004. 7 X. Huang, Y. Xiang, A. Chonka, J. Zhou and R.H. Deng, A generic wine Framework for Three-Factor Authentication Preserving Security and Privacy in Distributed Systems , IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst, vol. 22, no. 8, pp.1390-1397, Aug. 2011. 8 W. S. Juang, S. T. Chen, and H. T. Liaw, Hearty and proficient secret key validated cardinal asse ntion using astute cards, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2551-2556, Jun. 2008. 9 W. C. Ku and S. M. Chen, Defects and ascents of a proficient secret key based distant client proof program using astute cards, IEEE Trans. Consum.Electron. , vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 204-207, Feb. 2004. 10 P. C. Kocher, J. Jaffe, and B. Jun, Differential force scrutiny, in Proc. Progresss in Cryptology-CRYPTO99, M. J. Wiener, Ed, 1999, LNCS, vol. 1666, pp. 388-397.

Social structure

Introduction Culture harmonizes mickle behavior and at the same time creates barriers between different groups. Donnan and Wilson (1999) fuddle argued that borders of cultures and identities make up the least studied and understood phenomena of international borders and admit that borders atomic number 18 perpetually descriptions since they are illogical constructions based on cultural convention. Similarly, most of the organizations stir the diverse consequences of culture in our modern ball-shapedizing world the cooperation of psyches, groups, and organizations is a springy issue for any social entity and largely depends on their cultural background. identity element is an stead that emphasizes the importance of individual oer the group identity and collectivism is the diametral tendency that emphasizes the importance of we identity over I identity (Hofstede, 1980). Individualism VS collectivism Just as occidental railway linees have intensified their efforts to take i n from Asian organizations, so too has there been a rise in research on cross-cultural differences between the two regions. Asian and Western cultures have been distinguished along a variety of characteristics (Cohen & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Nisbett, 1994 Triandis, 1994).However, it is the balance of individualism and collectivism that has received the most trouble by psychologists specializing in cross-cultural research. Cultural determine of individualism and collectivism differ in their relative emphasis on independence vs. interdependence with nonpareils group (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). In laissez-faire(a) cultures, plurality are viewed as independent and possessing a unique pattern of traits that distinguish them from other population (Markus & Kitayama, 1994).In contrast to such independence and uniqueness, people in state-controlled cultures view the self as inherently interdependent with the group to which they belong. thitherfore, whereas people in indi vidualistic cultures oft give global and generalisation descriptions of themselves (e. g. , I am optimistic), people in collectivistic cultures might ask how they could mayhap describe themselves in the absence of information ab pop a exceptional situation (Bachnik, 1994).To someone from a collectivistic culture, a relatively abstract description of the person can appear prowessificial because it implies that he or she is the same regardless of circumstance of use (Cousins, 1989). adept of the most important consequences of these different views of the self is the degree of conformity that is observed in social settings. A meta-analysis of studies using Aschs (1956) line judgment task suggested that Asians recordd a stronger tendency to conform than Americans (Bond & Smith, 1996). In fact, the very concept of conformity may have different connotations in different cultures.While conformity is often viewed negatively in an individualistic culture, uniqueness can be view ed as a form of deviance and conformity associated with harmony in a more collectivistic culture (Kim & Markus, 1999). Because the persons identity is closely linked to his/her social group in collectivistic cultures, the original goal of the person is not to maintain independence from others, but to publicize the interests of the group (Davidson, Jaccard, Triandis, Morales, & Diaz-Guerrero, 1976). In contrast, most people in individualistic cultures assume that their identity is a direct consequence of their unique traits.Because the norms of individualistic cultures stress being true to ones self and ones unique set of needs and desires (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, & Nisbett, 1998), the person may be encouraged to resist social pressure if it contradicts his/her own values and preferences. Thus, people in individualistic cultures can be expected to be consistent in their views and maintain them in the face of opposition, while people in collectivistic cultures might consid er the failure to yield to others as rude and inconsiderate.In collectivistic cultures, self-esteem is not derived from characteristic behavior or from calling attention to ones own unique abilities. There is greater emphasis on meeting a shared metre so as to maintain harmony in ones relationship to the group (Wink, 1997). People in collectivistic cultures are therefore not move to stand out from their group by agonistic acts of achievement or even making positive statements about themselves (Kitayama, Markus, & Lieberman, 1995). Instead, there is a tendency toward self improvement motivated by concern for the hygienic being of the larger social group.Whereas members of individualistic cultures touch for special recognition by achieving beyond the norms of the group, collectivists are more motivated to understand the norms for achievement in the particular context so as to meet that standard (Azuma, 1994). Therefore, one might expect groups defined by collectivistic norms to be high in collaboration and achievement of corporal goals, whereas groups with individualistic norms may have greater variability in mathematical process among its individual members. High context to low context cultures In todays business relations, its a bantam world after all.As more companies turn towards global markets, professionals are finding themselves in foreign locales, wheeling and dealing resembling never onward. However, the key to effective conference between countries is an understanding of all(prenominal)(prenominal) others culture, especially a working knowledge of how each familiarity conveys meaning. graduation exercise used by author Edward Hall, the expressions high context and low context are labels denoting inherent cultural differences between societies. High-context and Low-context communication refers to how much speakers hope on things other than words to convey meaning.Hall states that in communication, individuals face legion(predicate) more sensory cues than they are able to fully process. In each culture, members have been supplied with particular proposition filters that allow them to focus only on what society has deemed important. In general, cultures that favour low-context communication will pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them. It is important to remember that either individual uses both high-context and low-context communication it is not simply a number of choosing one over the other.Often, the types of relationships we have with others and our circumstances will state the achievement to which we rely more on literal or implied meanings. Novelist Amy Tan describes the differences in cultural communication this way An American business executive may say, Lets make a deal, and the Chinese manager may reply, Is your son kindle in learning about your widget business? Each to his or her own purpose, each with his or her own linguistic path. When individ uals from high-context and low-context cultures collaborate, there are often difficulties that occur during the exchange of information.These problems can be separated into differences concerning solicitude, quantity and quality. For example, employees from high-context cultures like China and France share very specific and coarse information with their in-group members (good friends, families, close co-workers, etc). In comparison, low-context cultures like the United States and Germany prefer to edge communication to smaller, more select groups of people, sharing only that information which is necessary. High-Context CommunicationHall states most(prenominal) of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person. ? companionship is situational, relational ? Less is verbally explicit or indite or formally expressed ? More internalized understandings of what is communicated (ex in-jokes) ? Often used in long term, well-established relationships Dec isions and activities focus about personal face-to-face communication, ? often around a central, authoritative figure ? Strong awareness of who is accepted/belongs vs. outsiders crosstieRelationships depend on trust, build up slowly, and are stable. ? How things get do depends on relationships with people and attention to group process. ? Ones identity is rooted in groups (family, culture, work). Interaction ? High use of communicative elements voice tone, facial expression, gestures, and ? pump movement carry significant parts of conversation. ? Verbal message is substantiating one talks around the point and embellishes it. ? Communication is seen as an art form-a way of engaging someone. ? Disagreement is personalized.One is sensitive to conflict expressed in anothers nonverbal communication. Conflict either must be solved before work can progress or must be avoided. scholarship ? Multiple sources of information are used. Thinking is deductive, proceeds from general to spec ific. ? attainment occurs by first observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing. ? Groups are preferred for learning and problem solving. ? Accuracy is set. How well something is learned is important. High context cultures are more common in the eastern nations than in western, and in countries with low racial diversity.Cultures where the group is valued over the individual promote group reliance. High context cultures have a strong sense of tradition and history, and change little over time, such as tribal and native societies. For instance, the French assume that the auditor knows everything. Therefore, they may think that Americans think they are stupid because Americans will habitually explain everything to their counterparts. Former president Jimmy Carter understood the importance of high-context communication with his colleagues from Israel and Egypt during the peace talks at Camp David.When Prime Minister dumbfound was about to leave the unsatisfactory negotiations, Carter presented him with pictures of the three heads of state, with the names of each of Begins grandchildren scripted on the photographs. The prime minister repeated the names of his grandchildren out earsplitting as he looked at the pictures, reflecting on the importance of the peace negotiations to his grandchildrens futures. Carter recognised that a high-context reference to future generations would induce the prime minister to drop dead to the negotiations. Low Context CommunicationHall states The mass of information is vested in the explicit codification (message). ? Rule oriented ? More knowledge is public, external, and accessible. ? Shorter duration of communications ? Knowledge is transferable ? Task-centred. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done and the particle of responsibilities. Association ? Relationships begin and end quickly. Many people can be inside ones circle circles boundary is not clear. ? Things get done by following procedures and paying attention to the goal. ? Ones identity is rooted in oneself and ones accomplishments.Social complex body part is decentralized responsibility goes further down (is not concentrated at the top). Interaction ? Message is carried more by words than by nonverbal means. ? Verbal message is direct one spells things out exactly. ? Communication is seen as a way of exchanging information, ideas, and opinions. ? Disagreement is depersonalized. One withdraws from conflict with another and gets on with the task. Focus is on rational solutions, not personal ones. Learning ? One source of information is used to develop knowledge. ? Thinking is inductive, proceeds from specific to general.Focus is on detail. ? Learning occurs by following explicit directions and explanations of others. ? An individual penchant is preferred for learning and problem solving. ? Speed is valued. How efficiently something is learned is important. An individual from a high context culture has t o adapt, and/or be accommodated when modify to a low context culture. High context cultures expect small close-knit groups, where professional and personal life is interrelated. Therefore, a high context individual is more likely to ask questions than attempt to work out a solution independently.References Brockner, J. (2003). Unpacking country effects On the need to operationalize the mental determinants of cross-national differences. Research in organizational behavior, (P 333367). Flynn, F, & Chatman, J. (2001). Strong cultures and innovation Oxymoron or opportunity? In S. Cartwright (Ed. ), International handbook of organizational culture and climate. Wink, P. (1997). beyond ethnic differences Contextualizing the influence of ethnicity on individualism and collectivism. Journal of Social Issues, (P 329349).

Effects of prejudice, racism and discrimination in society

secernment involves treatment of an individual or a group of people ground on class or category. It can be personal, legal or institutional difference. It involves denying an individual or a group of people an fortune that is available to other individuals or groups. Discriminatory actions can be make in different ways but they all involve in one way or the other some form of rejection.There be different forms of discrimination which include but non limited to the spare-time activity Age discrimination, sex activity discrimination, castle discrimination, usance discrimination, sex orientation and gender discrimination, language discrimination, reverse discrimination, disability and religious discrimination (C adenineonovo, 2003). According to Dunn & deoxyadenosine monophosphate McDonald (2004), age discrimination involves unfair treatment of an individual or a group based on age. It usually occurs in one of the troika different forms Adultism (discrimination against adults ), discrimination against people older than 40 and also discrimination against elderly people.It mostly happens in employment where by employees prefer young people for employment ignoring older people with their experience although laws have been displace in place to help reduce the practice. Gender discrimination involves negative believes and attitude based on gender. Employment discrimination involves locking tabu a group of people from applying and receiving jobs because of race, disability, religion, age and sexual orientation (Michinov, Dambrun, Guimond & Mot, 2005).Racism refers to discrimination of individuals based on social divisions that whitethorn not always be connected to race. Prejudice involves an opinion or understanding made before facts are verified. The judgment is mostly based on gender, race, ethnicity, social class, disability and also age. There are different forms of damage cognitive, affective and behavioral (Guerin, 2005). These types of discrimi nations have led to unequal distribution of jobs and resources in general. Because of inequality, most groups have been denied justice.Examples include legal discrimination against Black southmost Africans and also different post-civil war laws that exist in the southern American states which disadvantaged blacks living there in regard to property ownership, employment and other factors such as movement, where Blacks are not allowed o chair through Whites residential areas. This has led to increased crimes and hatred among people. It has raised tensions between countries like the Muslim countries and America (Mcdonald, 2009). For peaceful co-existence, there is need to regard equal treatment amongst people regardless of their age, religion and other differences that may exist.

Plato And Augustin Essay

1) WHAT IS PLATOS ATTITUDE TOWARD THE BODY? (300 Words)http//classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html            In Platos sprain SYMPOSIUM at that place is much subtext to be found under the surface of what seems interchangeable a marginally focused conversation among several individuals. What is unique astir(predicate) this work is that within the random bits of dialogue put forth at that place is a certain unique cohesion that presents itself. That cohesion is present in the air in which the random gives way to the logical and nothing is more than evident of this than what is found within Platos concept of the body.            The body, at first, refers to the animal(prenominal) appearance of an individual. This physical appearance provides the basis for attraction for a love sensation. However, this attraction is very vapid and indicative of a surface take understanding of the individua l. However, physical attraction is a strong emotion and slice this attraction is devoid of depth it does give way to quantity. In different words, when physical attraction is all that matters to an individual then happiness derives from manifestly associating with more and more attractive bodies. This is ab break as vapid of a series of clement relationships as one could possibly involve oneself. It to a fault bases relationships on errant randomness as an individual simply bounces from one attractive person to the other.            Where Plato does redeem the image of the body is in the way he presents it as a conduit to deeper meaning. In other words, while there is a certain randomness and banality to chasing beauty this chase depose lead one to a partner who offers far more than notwithstanding what the body offers. Looks then become the conduit to true love, intellectual stimulation or a combination of both. This way the randomn ess found in the seek for the best body merely acts as a transitory government agency in the sense that it eventually leads to the cohesiveness of a deep relationship. Well, hopefully anyway.2) HOW DOES AUGUSTINE VIEW HUMAN NATURE? (300 WORDS)http//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XII.1.html            The relationship between perfection and Gods subordinates has been debated for many years. Much of this debate derives from the fact that there has neer been a definitive statement on what God truly think from those whom God created. As such, much has been left to speculation and interpretation. Regarding kind-hearted temperament, St. Augustine examines the flaws intact with such disposition and links these flaws with fluctuations inherent with reason.            To a striking degree, Augustine notes that it is clement nature to be flawed and much of this derives from reason. Augustine is clear to point out that there are a number of factors which separate humans from lesser beings and that while all things created from God are good humans remove the capacity to deviate from natural order due to reason and passion. Hence, they clear be prone to errors in judgment whereas lesser animals are not. Hence, human nature has the capacity for improvement but it also has the capacity to great harm to the self or others.            Augustine points out that often people ordain use God as a crutch. That is, because it is human nature to drag out value from the external many will see themselves as worn and cleave to God because it is God that gives them strength, God that gives them reason, etc. This, however, diminishes the value of the human as the reliance of the self is gone. So, while this cleaving to God may wee-wee noble intentions (seek advice from the higher power) it is actually a sign of weakness and a rejection of the free will God has provided. Hence, it represents another aspect of the flawed nature of humanity.            Granted, while Augustine views human nature as a flawed entity he does equate flawed with bad. Flawed simply is the state of human nature and is neither good nor bad. It is simply the natural order of things.

Mrs. Hamilton

sexual practice and Development Gender-role outgrowth is one of the most measurable atomic number 18as of human development. The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is a great deal dying(p) to find out the sex of her child. The definitions of the terms sex and cozyity rent to be understood. The term sex denotes the runual physical makeup of individuals that check them as male or female. perk up is determined by contagious makeup, internal reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and external genitalia.The bearing of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their nearlybodyality characteristics, may be just as important as a persons biological framework. In order to distinctiate amid biological features one may take into consideration doingss and social roles to establish sex. Sex and grammatical sexual urge are often intertwined, and certain social expectations puke be attrisolelyed to ones biological sex. The s ex of a newinnate(p) sets the schedule for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her demeanor.Overall, the sex differences between male childs and girls in the first socio-economic class of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit much active or fussier and girls much physically mature and less abandoned to physical problems, but that may be the extent of the signifi nett differences. M icys piddle a escapeency to ignore more(prenominal)(prenominal) of their sons emotional outbursts in coincidence to their daughters outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or piddleed with in a more aggressive manor as well. This goes in line with stereotyping males as more hardy or tough and girls as gentle and soft. A sustain can influence their child into these sexual urge roles by the way they discipline.They may be harder on a male child than a girl for the precise same behavior. Children see what their reboots do. Children learn w hen they try to imitate their parents (Putnam, Myers-Walis Love, p. 1). For example, a boy may grow up seeing his father fix things some the house and his female parent being the one who always cooks d knowledgeable. Parents may in any case assign specific chores to the children according to sex, thus reinforcing gender roles in their development. some other way a parent influences gender development is by what they label to their children. Making comments about girls do this or boys do that supports the gender stereotypes.Gender roles development is crucial around ages 2-6 years when children are becoming aware of their gender, where play styles and behaviors begin to crystallize around that core identify of I am a girl or I am a boy. typically males have been thought to be more aggressive than males however, in a teach reported by the American Psychological Association, Inc. , reveals our interpretation of these results emphasizes that encroachment sex difference are a fu nction of perceived consequences of pugnacity that are learned as aspects of gender roles and other social roles (Eagly Steffen, 1986). How a parent teaches the child and role models aggression, play, chores, and toys may have more of a factor of gender roles than being biologically male or female. The areas of gender differences include brain development where on that point are fewer connections between hemispheres, right brain reliance on space/movement, single focus, sexual response, and emotional response. Males hear less at higher(prenominal) decibels then females and tend to hear better in one ear than the other.Testosterone levels are different as well including a correlation between the amount of testosterone and higher energy and aggression, sex drive, and higher amounts throughout the teenaged years. Male babies, on average, are born slightly longer and heavier than female babies. Newborn girls, on the other hand, have slightly more mature skeletons and are a bit more re sponsive to touch (Craig Dunn, 2010, p. 188). By age 2 ? , most children can readily distinguish between male and female, and accurately answer the question of whether they are a boy or a girl. Gender-role stereotypes are fixed ideas about appropriate male and female behavior (Craig Dunn, 2010, p. 189). Distinguishing between feminine and masculine appears to be shared in just about every culture, although cultures may differ in their definitions of what masculinity and femininity entail. Childrens concepts of gender depend in part on the childs cognitive development. A 3-year-old boy might put on a dress and now cogitate he has turned into a girl, whereas a 5-year-old boy now may understand that his sex is not going to change, which is referred to as gender exertion (Craig Dunn, 2010, p. 89). Developing gender individuation is partly a result of models and rewards. Again, what a child sees and hears growing up about male and female justness will shape their gender personalit y and roles for the future. In William Pollacks book actually Boys, he dialog about boys in America being in crisis and teen-aged girls losing their voice, mostly as a result of indian lodges stereotypes about girls and boys. Pollack talks about boys and men wearing masks of masculinity to hide their true inner feelings.Boys are being taught, at a young age, to be tough, act like a man, and if you display feelings you are considered weak or other assorted names given to men who show vulnerability. These stereotypes are qualifying and are hindering the development of children. As a society, we push boys into grown-up roles smart than their female counterparts. Moms and dads on the whole begin pushing their boys away by less hugs and kisses at an ear consistr age than girls (Pollack, 1999). In a study done on drawings of grade-school aged children, there were vast differences in the worst matter the participants drew.Boys drawings contained a profusion of violence, of villainy, and of vehicles girls drawings were full of benign animals, bugs and flowers. In the drawings, boys front more influenced at this age by the media in drawings of superheroes, whereas the girls depicted more domestic-type scenes (McClure-Vollrath, 2006). During the feminist movement, there was a theme that men were the problem and women were the oppressed. By characterizing gender this way, development can fail to address effectively the issues of justice and empowerment that are crucial in bringing about positivist change.Gender biass and roles are ultimately power relations (Cornwall, 1997, p. 8). Through the feminist movement, umpteen hoi polloi changed their ways of thinking surrounding men and women, but there is still way for re-thinking when it comes to boys. Boys get mixed messages, to be manly but empathetic, cool but open, strong yet vulnerable. Society has come a long way in liberating girls and women from the gender straightjacket. There is still room for improveme nt to break down the roles our boys are forced into by allow them own their feelings and communicating with them in a way that allows them to express their fears and distress.Gender identity normally develops in children by about age 3, when they most often are able to identify themselves as boys or girls. People with gender identity disorder or gender dysphoria can remember as early as age 5 as having feelings of being born in the wrong body or wanting to be the opposite of their biological bodies reveal. Children who deviate from the socially prescribed behavioral norms for boy or girl children are quickly pushed back in line by parental figures. Behaviors, mannerisms, and play that appears to be gender nonconforming to a parent may feel perfectly normal to the child (Mallon DeCrescenzo, 2006). Western society continues to reward parents for conforming their children into their gender roles by buying Barbies for girls and dump trucks for boys, horizontal if they have asked for s omething different. Sexual orientation is different from, and not determined by, ones gender identity. In most cases, the onset of gender identity disorder can be traced back to childhood. In an interview with a 46-year-old male who struggled with gender dysphoria all of his life, he reports as early as 5-years-old he was get dressed up in womens clothing and wished he did not have a penis.After years of therapy and insight into his disorder, he has been able to attribute his confusion to some things that were said in his home at an early age. He remembers his mother saying that she was convinced when he was in her womb that he was a girl, and she would often tell him that he should have been a girl. He remembers people telling him how pretty he was and that he would have made a beautiful girl. All of these things contributed to his confusion about his gender at a very young age. He never felt attached to his mother, and ulterior he would find out that his mother would just let hi m lie in his crib and cry as an infant.He reported that his mother had his 1-year-old fellow and 4-year-old sister to look after, and she was too busy to take care of a fussy baby. He said he spent most of his life trying to establish masculinity as society and family would see it, so that nobody would know the terror and confusion he lived with on a daily basis. Eventually, he would decide that his only way out would be suicide, he thought then the pain would finally end. God did not allow him to take his life and instead he institute his esteem in Christ and was set free from his pain and found espousal of who he was in Christ.He started going to therapy and completely turning his life around, quick as a man, and finally finding gender acceptance or else than dysphoria (Robbins, 2011). Roles of home environment, peers, and teachers in the acquisition of gender difference in behavior and attitudes play a role in gender socialization (Lau, 1996). Gender role socialization acco rding to a study done cross-culturally found that it could be narrowly defined by the type of sex-typed behaviors such as play activities and toys.In summary, gender identity is a learned behavior that starts at a very young age and can hinder or enhance a childs development. Gender plays a role in how a person defines themselves and grows as a person depending on their safety and trade protection in being male or female and what that means to them and what they are taught at a young age. Bottom line is that men and women are different, and as a society and as parents being a boy or girl does not meet we have to fit into a certain box, as people are unique in of themselves, and that is what we can enhance and nurture to develop.

Preschool Age

During preschool age, physical growth begins to slow down. It is much slower than it was during infancy. Children at the primal childhood stage, children start to become taller and leaner as they mature. They will explore more(prenominal) like adults than like infants by the end of early childhood.During the ages deuce to six, children draw in great strides in the relegatement of perfect(a) get skills, which involves the adult muscles used in movement (Rathus, 2017). At four years old, she has a more complex physical development using both gross and fine motor skills. She has greater control over large muscles, such as her arms and legs. She is in like manner able to coordinate multiple tasks at the same time, such as singing and building blocks as distant to when she was a toddler.She is much more coordinated in her play than the junior children around her. In early childhood, children appear to acquire motor skills by teaching them selves in law-abiding the behavior of other children and adults (Rathus, 2017, p. 255). Thus, fine motor skills develop more gradually. Fine motor skills are all the scummy muscles used in manipulation and coordination. Control over the wrist and fingers change children to, write, dress themselves and in her case the ability to stack blocks.While observing the childs use of nomenclature, her comprehension and use of words is more sophisticated, she can make sentences and can understand what others are saying. She can talk in clear up speech. She is quite self-assured and can understand the concept of conversation. Her language is more mature, her memory and imagination has developed and she is able to think more symbolically.Childrens language skills develop radically during the preschool years. Between the ages of three and five, egocentric speech starts to disappear. The childs conversational language starts to show sensitivity to the listener, for example, the subject was taking turns talking and comprehend to her fellow classmates.By that age of four years old, some milestones children develop are the ability to ask adults and each other questions, taking turns talking, and partaking in longer conversations. They have vocabulary of 1500-1600 words. Theyre speech is fluent and their articulation is also good. Children can use five or six words in sentences and can now coordinate two sentences together (Rathus, 2017 p. 301).

Dysfunctional Families

Dysfunctional families ar common to both the human being of outstanding Expectations, by Charles Dickens and The drinking glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams. A family is a radical social unit consisting of more than wiz human being. Functional families co-operate with one another to sustain a happy and nurturing home life that is comforting and a pleasure to be in. Members of a functional family genuinely handle for one anothers safety and sanitarybeing. A impaired family is the black eye of a functional family.In abundant Expectations there are dickens impaired families, Joe Gardgerys family including run a way Joe, pip and Joe himself and young lady Havershams family, which consists of her and her adopted fille, Estella. Technically, the fly convict, kn avouch as Magwitch, his wife and daughter could be considered as nonadaptive too. Their family is not as predominant as the other two families. In The Glass Menagerie, tom turkey, Laura, Amanda and Amandas a bsent husband are also a dysfunctional family. Family is important to the important characters in to each one of these texts, as it is the reference work of their values, morals and beliefs. gobbler Wingfield, from The Glass Menagerie, is a young man who desires to explore the instauration and go on breathtaking adventures. His father leftfield his render, Amanda, for this condition when tom turkey was a young boy. tomcat has been the man of the family unit invariably since. The Glass Menagerie is set in St Louis, USA, in a date where women did not get d testify such(prenominal) power in mens blood line. Amanda has a job selling magazines over the phone, which does not earn her becoming money for the family to live off. tomcat, therefore, works in a shoe factory, which is not the most exciting job in the domain, and this is the main source of income for the family.Laura Wingfield is Toms older nestling she is 26, crippled and lives in her own world full of tiny fragile ice-skating rink animals, along with an old victrola. Laura is the main source of conflict for the family because she aimlessly wanders through life with no purpose. During Toms time at home, there are many conflicts amongst him and his mother. This affects Tom, as he works long hours in the warehouse doing the corresponding thing all(prenominal)day. He then comes home to a mother who is ceaselessly telling him what to and what no to do, as well as a sister who isnt pulling her own weight.Amanda often criticises Toms behaviour. In the first scene nearly everything Amanda says to Tom is a command for example, such as Dont push with your fingers, chew chew forgiving beings are supposed to chew, Youre not excused from the table and You smoke too much. These constant commands from Amandas point of idea are caring, however, Tom neertheless thinks of them as her trying to control his every escape he is at the end of his wick. In Scene Three, Tom lets Amanda kno w once and for all what he thinks of the situation. Amanda What right do you have to jeopardize your job?Jeopardize the security of us all? How do you think wed manage if you were. Tom interrupts Id alternatively somebody battered my brains out than go back (the warehouse) every forenoon and you say self is all I think of. Why, listen, if self is what I thought of, Mother, Id be where he is (points to fathers portrait) GONE In the end it is all too much for Tom and he set offs his fosterless sister and commanding mother. He ventures off into the world like father like son Belonging to a dysfunctional family has duncishly change Tom and has eventually made him leave.Laura Wingfield, from The Glass Menagerie, is shy, unconfident, crippled and she often withdraws from reality. This is because she belongs to a dysfunctional family. Her mother has tried to help her by sending her to business school and finding her a gentlemen caller. Unfortunately, these are not Lauras visions f or herself, theyre Amandas. Although Amanda truly loves Laura, she pecknot see that her bossy and overpowering personality is making Laura withdraw herself from reality even further. Laura stopped going to business school because it made her sick and she didnt tell her mother, as she knew it would unbalance her.A mature young adult, firstly, would not become unwell because they accompanied a business school minute of arcly, they would tell their mother they didnt want to attend the school anymore, and quit. Laura, on the other hand, pretends for weeks that she still attends the school go away and arriving home when appropriate, to beat her mother believe she is still attending the school. When Amanda ultimately finds out Laura stopped going because it made her a little unwell, it bust her midriff. Amanda So what are we going to do the rest of our lives? Amuse ourselves with the glass menagerie, darling?Eternally play those worn-out phonograph records your father left as a execrable reminder of him? Lauras response to this painful truth is silence and the twisting of her hands acceptless With her mother and crony constantly bickering, she doesnt seem to get the chance to speak her thoughts and feelings. Her mother tells her what she is going to do with her life, and because she loves her mother, she just does as she is told. Over time this has affected Laura it is the dry land she lost her personality and become a ghost-like figure keep in a world of glass animalsMost of the time Laura doesnt have her own thoughts, this is another side effect of having a dysfunctional family. One night her mother asks her to stop washing the dishes and to come outside and adore the moonshine Amanda Laura, come here and make a wish on the moon Look over your left shoulder, Laura, and make a wish (Laura looks faintly puzzled as if called out of sleep. Amanda seizes her shoulders and turns her at an fee by the door) Now, now, darling, wish Laura What should I wish for, Mother? Here the moon is a symbol of hope.Amanda has found the moon because she has found hope hope that her children will be okay in this cruel world. Laura cant find the moon her mother has to point it out to her and physically move her so she can see it. This is symbolic of the fact that there is no hope for Laura as she cant and wont help herself in this life. As Tom says She lives in a world of her own a world of little glass ornaments, Mother She plays old phonograph records and thats about all. Amanda has to tell Laura what to wish for a self-aggrandizing woman being told what to wish forThis shows us how feeble and unsure Laura is of her actions. It is merely another problem Laura has developed because she is a part of a dysfunctional family. whisk, Joe Gargery and Mrs Joe Gargery are a dysfunctional family from the original, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens. The first half of the novel is set in England, in the country, a place of innocence. The second half is set in the sinful and backstabbing streets of grotty old London. spud is an orphan his parents and five of his other siblings died when he was very little.His older sister and her husband (Mr and Mrs Joe Gargery) adopted Pip (who says) My Sister had established a grand reputation with herself and the inhabithood because she had brought me up by hand. Knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me. I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand. Pip tells the reader that his older sister often hit him and Joe. This of course was never done when a neighbour was in earshot ecause, as Pip said, the villagers respected her because she brought him up by hand. She also never did or said anything nice to him he can re portion this from a young age. My sisters rescue up had made me sensitive. I had known, from the time when I could speak, that my sister, in her flaky and violent coercion, was unjust to me. She spoke harshly to him, hit him with the tickler (which was a stick used only for beating up Pip and Joe) and force-fed him jackass water (a very nasty medicine) to serve as punishments, for acts that did not be punishment.Because of this, he is often unsure of his actions and easily persuaded to think and do things that, deep down, he may not feel are right. This is similar to Laura, from The Glass Menagerie. Unfortunately Laura didnt have a caring, patient and extremely lovely blacksmith in her life, unlike Pip, who has Joe. If Joe was not in Pips life, I am sure he would have turned out much like Laura. Joe loves Pip and genuinely cares for him, he is pure and shows many acts of almsgiving towards Pip, most of which Pip doesnt acknowledge or notice.Towards the end of the novel Pip becomes extremely sick whilst in London. Joe finds out that Pip is sick, leaves his pricy town in the country and heads into London. This is a big task for Joe becau se as a country mouse he does not belong in the city he despises it, and vice versa. Joe then stays by Pips side for the many months it takes for Pip to recover. After Pip finally acknowldges Joes true love for him, Pip says O Joe, you break my heart Look angry at me, Joe. Strike me, Joe. Tell me of my ingratitude. Dont be so good to me Joe just hugs Pip because he is amend that Pip has recovered. Joe is the most important character for Pips health, safety and wellbeing. Without Joe, Pip would be in prison with a sickness that only love could cure and a debt to his name that he would never be able to repay. Joe is his guardian angel. Estella and devolve Haversham, from the novel Great Expectations, are yet another dysfunctional family. The cause of this dysfunctional family is shed Havershams in demand(p) revenge on the world because her husband-to-be left her at their wedding, breaking her heart. discharge Haversham adopted Estella as a young girl, not out of love, sort of s o she can could mould her into a cold-hearted witch like herself. Miss Haversham is rich and belongs to the upper middle class. Her house is a manor, and she is a well respected resident in Pips village. Miss Haversham invites Pip to her house a few times. Pip thinks she is his benefactor, the cause of his great expectations and the reason she asks him to go over. She really only invites him over to let Estella practice her cruel, inhuman personality on him.The first time Pip goes over to Miss Havershams, on her command, she gets him to play cards with Estella. Estalla doesnt want to play with a common labouring-boy , so Miss Haversham tempts her to play with him by saying nearly? You can break his heart. Here we can see the effects of Miss Havershams cold, broken heart on Estella. Instead of wanting to make friends with Pip like a normal young girl, she wants to break his heart. This child would not have thought of this naturally, her mind has been trained to believe that in mak ing peoples lives a living hell, you arouse a sense of satisfaction.Estellas family has had a big conceit on her values, morals and beliefs. You are to waitress here, you boy the disunite started to my eyes. the girl looked at me with a quick channel in having been the cause of them. Estella makes Pip believe his clothes, hands and the way he speaks is peculiar and shameful. The family life Miss Haversham has made for Estella is not physically or mentally healthy for her. To add to this, Miss Haversham wears a mouldy bride dress, her house stinks of gone-off food and human body odour and it is dark and depressing.She doesnt exhibitor because she wears her wedding clothes year after year. This gives Estella a bad impression as her home life is not normal, her mother is deranged and loosing her mind. Miss Haversham does such a great job of teaching Estella to become a witch that Estella leaves her for good. This breaks Miss Havershams already broken heart and she kills herself . This doesnt bother Estella how inhumane In both The Glass Menagerie and Great Expectations, the main characters have lost a loved one.Pip and Estella never knew their biological parents, Miss Havershams husband-to-be never showed up at their wedding, Joe loses Mrs Joe Gargery, Laura and Toms dad leaves them and Amandas husband leaves her with a crippled daughter and a son. Losing a loved one or someone who is a close relative adversely affects you. All of these characters are can be compared to one another because they all know what it feels like to lose a loved one and belong to a dysfunctional family. In each case, dysfunctional families affect the main characters.Tom leaves his family, Laura makes herself belong to a world of her own, Pip yearns for a justice that was always present and Estella follows the footsteps of a heartless witch. It is apparent that dysfunctional families can be the cause of losing a family particle or one leaving. To me family is very important. For tunately I have a functional family. We sometimes fight and argue, however it is always over issues that are forgotten and easily forgiven. I know that if a member of my family was to leave us it would definetly affect me. I am glad that every family member in my family is happy and healthy.In both of the texts, the main cause of a dysfunctional family is having lost a family member. This is true for some families I know. slews of parents divorce and their kids are forever living in two houses. sometimes it is for the better, as the kids dont have to listen to the parents fighting. Sometimes it tears the kids hearts and they are too young to understand that their parents simply cant be together anymore. The kids find a way into their own world, like Laura, or they take it out on others, like Estella, or they are blessed and in their reality is a Joe, who loves them and sees a way out for them to escape.

Critical Thinking Paper

mentation and Decision Making Paper University of genus Phoenix MGT/350 December 13, 2010 Cyndie Shadow hypercritical idea and decision fashioning atomic number 18 more(prenominal) related than state know. Critical idea affects the way plurality think, the way people live, and the decision they make. Good decision making is the pricker of sound management. This paper go forth analyze the trio different types of cerebration bolts. Also, this paper will bring home the bacon you with critical opinion and decision making surgeryes by discussing workplace examples that highlight for each one of the three different types of persuasion.The three different types of persuasion argon scientific, creative, and persuasive. After reading this paper discipline more about critical model bear on and decision making you will then have a better understanding of their relationship. This paper should provide you with the benefits of both critical cerebration and decision making b oth person whollyy and professionally. Persuasive Thinking Persuasive thinking is the public opinion movement that is stressful to influence around mavin to accept a message (Kirby &038 Goodpastor,2007). This type of thinking is extremely too difficult to master, hardly when d one well bottom be very effective.The main points to consider when use this type of thinking an individual must understand human nature, emotions, and think carefully forward attempting to get somebody to accept a message. An individual must similarly be aware of the time and the place the message is macrocosm communicated, and understands his or her involvement in the message its self. Most important, the message being conveyed must be understood, the audience, and the audiences values. A thinker that scum bag understand all of these complex pieces of persuasive thinking will be successful at getting the people they are attempting to persuade to accept his or her message.scientific Thinking Scienti fic thinking and the scientific method have been a part of problem solving and communication since before the modern era. The scientific method has quad specific steps apply in the thinking process. The first is observation, and brainstorming the ca white plagues and effects of a certain site or phenomenon. This is the beginning of thinking. The second step to the scientific method is possibleness, a provisionary statement about the relationship between two vari subjects, usually in the take a crap of a prediction (Kirby &038 Goodpastor,2007).The hypothesis is similar to an educated label that formulates the experiment. Experimentation is the third step of the scientific method. This is necessary to test the hypothesis and determine the correct cause and effect through various types of research. The concluding step of the scientific method is verification, or the analysis of data to examine if that data supports or disputes the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is non supporte d the communication was ill-timed somewhere and needs to be restarted at step one. imaginative ThinkingAccording to VirtualSalt, 2010 Creative Thinking is the cogency to imagine or ferret out something new. Unlike Persuasive thinking, Creative thinking is a good deal easier to master. It is basically taking your own ideas and sharing that information into an objective. eachone can think creatively, in fact, much of everyones thinking is some form of creatively. A person totally thinks of creativity as a gift or skill, but a person could learn creative techniques from a teacher. Creativity starts with brainstorming. Brainstorming allows the encephalon to flow from thought to thought.Being creative is a benefit of having fun. thithers five creative methods in creative thinking process which are evolution, synthesis, revolution, reapplication, and changing direction. M either organization work effectively together by using each others strengths, rather than difficult each ot her because of their difference. Our creativity can generate an astonishing add together of material, and creativity is involving continually in all areas of our thinking (Kirby &038 Goodpaster, 2007). Compare and demarcation line Creative thinking, scientific thinking, and persuasive thinking have many similarities.Although they carry on similar traits, these thinking calls are also different from each other. A few of the similarities between these three thinking styles are that they all lick an important role in critical thinking and commonly used in the decision making process to reach a solution. Creative thinking is when something new is created due to an individuals thoughts. Many people use creative thinking in their daily routine which helps in tackling complex Creative thinking can be challenging at times as people dont realize when they use this style.Creative thinking is one of the first steps of the critical thinking process besides it can be used at any time durin g the process. Creative thinking is used in many situations such as creating a new product, creating a schedule, or even dealing with children. Without creative thinking there wouldnt be consistence and common growth in new inventions. Unlike creative thinking, scientific thinking is a more serious thinking style. Scientific thinking is one of the most reli subject types of thinking. It is also used by a plentifulness of people in all areas of their every sidereal day lives. at that place are four major steps in scientific thinking and at the residual of that process we may be able to reach a persuasive conclusion. And support but not least is persuasive thinking. Persuasive thinking is when individuals can encourage others to share their thoughts. Persuasive thinking is used by many people in their everyday lives however most people are not aware of it. We are more likely to be persuaded by someone who is knowledgeable, objective, rational, honest, attractive, convinced, sim ilar to us, and by someone who appeals to our values, ours needs, and our wants (Kirby &038 Goodpaster, 2007).Unlike the scientific thinking process the persuasive structure process has five steps. These five steps are very important when using persuasion. Another thing that plays an important role in persuasive thinking is the audience. The audiences demographics, their values, and their needs are very important when it comes to persuasion. Critical thinking is a very complex subject to break cumulus and be able to fit the ideas in a few paragraphs. Any action that leads to a reaction by humans requires some form of critical thinking process and be able to judge the return of the reaction created.Scientific, persuasive and creative styles of thinking are a process within the critical thinking map. These are styles that simply help abate risks. Scientific styles plays an important role in critical thinking as it could either be a start of an idea, or there could be some form of s cientific style that plays an important role when the thought has matured, or it could be the ultimate solution to the thought. This style is used for intensity and being able to prove the impacts of these thoughts. Creative style helps in the exploration of a critical thought.This style helps in thinking outside the blow and molds us to think of alternate solutions. Thinking about open exterminate questions is a very crucial part of this style. This helps the mind explore into unexplored territories. This style can be used in the day to day routines in personal and professional lives. Decorating a home to creating a PowerPoint intro requires this style. Creative style also helps in building, developing and creating a curt term and long term vision of the thought. In the corporate environment this style has become very popular and employers have given this style quite an importance.For e. g. Google has a very lengthy interview process where one of the interviews is all about how creative you are and whether or not you are able to come up with a solution with this style. They are not looking for a right or wrong answer but is able to test and reason their creative thoughts on the given problem. The last but not the least is the persuasive style. This style requires expertise and the ability to gain confidence of your audience to convince them about your message. superstar may have a brilliant thought, but not being able to persuade your audience can cause a huge problem.thither may be finances involved with your thought but not being able to effectively convince your audience on how, the thought remains a thought. Persuasive style requires some scientific and some creative thinking as these go hand in hand. For e. g. There is a package idea that helps resolve the needs of a gross revenue team. In order to prove this idea, scientific and creative thinking can help in the building blocks to the software. The next step is to be able to prove this idea and this requires persuasiveness.The need to connect with your audience and at the end of the day be able to persuade and convince them to buy the software for their sales team. Conclusion Thinking is something that everyone does on daily basis. This paper draw the persuasive, creative, and scientific thinking styles that could be used by an individual or group to determine the best solution for a given problem. One thinking style may work in a feature situation while another is best for a different situation entirely. Each individual is different and therefore has a thinking style that works best for them in a given situation.Understanding each thinking style and selecting the style that best suits the individual is the key to decision the best possible decision. References Kirby, G. R. &038 Goodpaster, J. R. (2007). Thinking (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ assimilator Hall. Kirby, G. , &038 Goodpastor, J. (2007). Thinking An Interdisciplinary Approach to Critical and Creative T hought. Retrieved fromhttps//ecampus. phoenix. edu/ pith/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC. aspx? assetdataid=d714d42b-a9b3-4644-abe2-bd0499f8f9ca&038assetmetaid=8b8803a8-2bba-48b1-be11-f0f4106b8920. Virtualsalt, 2010 retrieved on December 13, 2010 from http//www. virtualsalt. com/crebook1. htm

Fantasy and Poetry in Children’s Literature

The devil selections of literature are Cinderella for the fantasy story and a verse form by Eloise Greenfield c every(prenominal)ed Tradition. Both selections are from different cultural traditions, but draw positive messages to children and adults in todays society. Every little daughter dreams of finding her prince charming. There are more than 1500 different versions of Cinderella from cultures all everyplace the world. The story of Cinderella has been in existence since 1865 and published by George Routledge.This pouffe bal 1y is one of the oldest and most familiar to young children that inspire them to believe anything is possible. The literary elements in Cinderella include the setting, characters, temporary hookup, conflict, climax, and closeing. The setting was in a faraway dry land a long time ago. The characters included a young little girl name Cinderella, her stepmother, two stepsisters, the prince, and cigarette godmother. The Plot of this fairy tale is a you ng girl who is being treated unfairly, but dreams of finding her true(a) love.She is being mistreated by her stepmom and sisters and works as a amah in the home. Cinderella begs to go to a ball and is told she could go after all chores are completed. Once she completes the chores and finds a dress, she is maliciously attacked by her stepsisters and destroys her dress. Cinderella was shattered and melodic theme she would never recoer from this. The conflict in this story is the continual shun from the stepmother and stepsisters against Cinderella. The climax is so exciting in this story.After Cinderella meets her fairy godmother, she dresses her in a beautiful gown and sends her to the ball, Cinderella forgets about the time and at 1200 midnight her fantasy is over. She runs out of the ball and leaves her glass slipper. The prince is inquiring all over the kingdom searching for the girl who could fit the glass slipper. The ending to this fairy tale is every girls dream. The prin ce searched high and low searching for his princess. He sent his grand Duke to try the glass slipper on every girl in the kingdom and the shoe only fits one person.After Cinderella revealed she had the other glass slipper. This created one of the most romantic fairy tales ever. Cinderella and the Prince falls in love, marry, and live happily ever after. Tradition is a poem written by Eloise Greenfield, an Africa American poet in 1988. Eloise was born in 1929 in North Carolina this was in the early days of the Great Depression. Eloise was influenced by memories of her childhood, observations, and stories she had read about. The literary elements in the poem include the setting, characters, plot, conflict, climax, and ending.The setting in this poem was a long time ago in a southern state. The character in this poem is any person who has worked impenetrable throughout his or her lives with no worry of failure or fear. The plot in the poem is to live, learn, and give back to others. T he conflict in this poem is dealing with self. She can achieve anything in life if she works disenfranchised and want it bad enough. The climax is rising to the occasion. If she is able to overcome disaster and focus on her goals, regardless of the many things you have been through. Success is the end of this poem.

Strategic finance issues

This analytic thinking go forth financi on the wholey make upise Santos Limiters financial military ope symmetryn for the stratum ending 31st December 2013 with the front years results, by way of dimension analysis. It will to a fault benchmark the latest result with that of Woodside Petroleum for the same period use the same ratio analysis of the 2013 financial statements of to each one attach to.A copy of these ratio analysis be attached to this musical composition as appendix 1, which contains a through season comparison for the last two years for Santos check ND the across time comparison with Woodside Petroleum for the most recent year. As basely and Hancock (2013 p. 358) depict there ar certain factors relevant to selecting an stamp fol imprint through benchmark.Woodside Petroleum has been selected as the benchmarking company as Woodside also ope come ins in rock oil and throttle valve production, focusing trading operations within the Australian are a. term Woodside operations are larger than that of Santos, the relative size of these companies is comparable and both embrace the accounting policies required by the Corporations Act 2001 , Australian Accounting Standards and new(prenominal) authoritative pronouncements of the Australian Accounting standards board.Both companies are listed on the Australian breed Exchange (ASS) which provides comparative data for the ratios analyzed and presented in auxiliary 1 with the following tables knock back 1 Profitability ratios skirt 2 susceptibility ratios Table 3 Short- bourne solvency ratios Table 4 Long- margin solvency ratios and Table 5 Market-based ratios A copy of Santos Limiters 2013, 2012 and Woodside petroleum s 2013 Annual reports are attached to this report as Appendix 2, Appendix 3 and Appendix 4 especially, for reference to the findings and suggestions outlined in this review.One limitation of the comparison is that Santos exceptional reports their financial data in Australian (ALLS) dollars, while Woodside Petroleum report their financial data in Ameri merchantman (US) dollars. This is overcome by using ratios for a majority of comparisons and transfering the US dollar amounts into ASS dollars when required. 2. 0 proportionality Analysis To look at the relationship between figures presented in the financial statements, this report uses a ratio analysis technique. To fully infrastand the ratios genuine e will look at them in context of different information provided in various reports and the overall goals of the company.From these ratios the report will accordingly compare these against the benchmark and ultimately identify areas for advancement and, if necessary, change. 2. 1 Profitability. As we croup see from Table 1 Profitability ratios, the light up winnings margin and the swinish profit margin fell 1 . 74% and 4. 26% respectively in 2013. While sales improverd 1 1 . 76% for the year, the gross profit margin decreas ed as previously stated which, was the main driver for the decrease in net profit margin for the year as the following expense o sales remained consistent.There was a exquisite drop in re treat on assets, however asset turnover remained fairly constant, highlighting that the drop in net profit margin is imputable to the drop in gross profit margin and not a lower turnover of assets. The decrease in gross profit margin is due to the subjoin in funding be desire depreciation and depletion (up 1. 5% of sales for 2013) and tercet party product purchases (up 5. 6% of sales). The reduction in financing income also lamed a major part in pushing down profits. In comparison Woodside has a high return on assets Han Santos due to the 16. 8% higher profit margin and they turnover assets more efficiently. besides, Santos move capital maturation strategies in projects such as the Papua New Guiana molten Natural Gas ( bump LONG) and the Gladstone Liquid Natural Gas (GLEN) transform ational projects which are outlined in the 2013 Annual report, are still in the developing phase, therefore not producing to generate sales until the following years. Woodside had a low commitment to capital expenditure for the same financial year and afterward selling off major capital in 2012 their use of debt as faraway less (shown as the leverage ratio in Table 4).The return on ordinary apportionholders equity (ROE) ratio shows the return for the shareholders who preparation equity to the business. The ROE is higher for Woodside due to their higher profit margins however, the higher financial leverage ratio in Table 4 will benefit Santos shareholders when the return on assets increases compared to the financing costs. This will happen when the in a higher place mentioned projects begin production. This is congruent with the statement in a press relax by Managing Director (M. D) and Chief Executive Officer (C.E. O) Mr. David Knox on twenty-first of February 2014. In partic ular, our natural gas reserve and resource base in eastern Australia, combined with our leading infrastructure position, leaves Santos strategically well displace to meet growing commercialize demand,. 2. 2 Efficiency ratios For the 2013 financial year the sales and also the number of debitors increased. The use of efficiency ratios helps determine whether the increase in debtors is due to the increase in sales alone or that it is get alongd by the debtors taking acheer to invent.These ratios show this by providing statistical relations on how effectively Santos Limited is electing its outstanding owing money and converting the stock list into sales. From Table 2 we see that study the last two fiscal years for Santos Limited has made improvements in their debt collection practices. The number of geezerhood taken to collect debtors accounts has reduce from 78. 71 to 65. 53 solar days hardly is still outside Santos Limiters standard 30 days for settlement of accounts. The termination balance is showing more debtors accounts being past the 65. 3 day average for 2013 fiscal year. Comparing these figures to Santos competitor Woodside, whose debtor recovery is loser to the standard 30 days terms at 31. 63 days. An term in the Sydney Morning Herald depicts that the question has been asked whether there is a gas reservation policy by shareholders, of which Santos Chairman Mr. Board denies. The ratio analysis of days taken to turn inventory into sales shows a viable reason for this question arising as the number of days taken to convert inventory into sales has risen in 2013 from 52. 19 to 53. 62 days.This is except a slight increase and with an anticipate increase in demand, this slight rise in inventory would be expected to cover n increase in demand. However, when comparing this level to the benchmark, Woodside inventory turnover is far less at 30. 46 days for a higher sales volume. 2. 3 Short-term solvency ratios While the previous ratios focus on get alongance of the company solvency ratios focus on assisting the company with decisions, short term and long term. Table 3 shows the short-term solvency ratios which assist in the short term decision making.The received ratio is the most basic test as to how liquid a company is. It expresses a companys ability to meet its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets. A authentic ratio greater than or equal to one indicates that legitimate assets should be able to satisfy short-term obligations. A ratio less than one indicated an inability to meet short term requirements. The quick ratio calculated for 2013 compared to 2012 shows the companys ability to pay is has reduced to down the stairs the 11 ratio, expressing that should the company be required to pay all current debts immediately, they could not do so.Due in part to the reduction in cash levels reducing the current assets from 34. 6% to 20. 3% of net assets. Also increases in the amount of short term interest bea ring borrowings increases the current liabilities from 13. 6% of net assets to 16. 9%. With the less cover to pay the increase in short-term liabilities, there is a higher financial risk. When comparing these ratios to that of Woodside, Cantons short term debt paying ability is carrying greater risks, but comparable with this benchmark. While the quick ratio decline to . 31 is cause for concern, the Cash flow from operations to current liabilities ratio shows that 94% of current liabilities can be covered with operational cash flow. Compare this to Woodside, which can easily cover rent liabilities with 141% of its current liabilities covered with operational cash flow. 2. 4 Long-term solvency ratios As the short-term financial risk has previously been expressed, the long term decisions can be assisted by the long-term solvency ratios expressed in Table 4. The debt to equity ratio compares the total liabilities of Santos Limited and compares it to the each dollar of shareholders equ ity.During 2013 Santos reliance has risen due to the increased borrowings and interest bearing loans, so for every $1 of shareholders equity there is $1. 02 outlay of debt obligations. This level of debt is double than that of our benchmark, Woodside Petroleum however, the debt to total asset ratio suggests there is enough assets to cover the debt long term. This might put the company under financial risk and indicate high use of debt compared to shareholders equity and a greater financial risk long term. This increases the cost of interest in operation, effecting negatively on profitability.The interest coverage while currently is to a lower place the industry benchmark, there is sufficient coverage to ensure interest honorarium obligations will be met. The amount contributed to the long term room each $1 of operating cash flow has also been significantly reduced, sorrowful further away from the benchmark company. This will increase interest costs long term however, also effect ing profit margins. 2. 5 Market-based ratios The price per requital ratio shown in Table 5 show how much the market would pay for shares of stock of the company per dollar of reported profit.About. Comas business finance reporter Rosemary Palaver suggests that the average price to dough ratio is around 19 with Santos ratio higher at 27. 68 and the benchmark, Woodside, ratio marginally lower at 17. 49. Reasons for Santos higher than average price per earnings ratio would be due to the potential for Santos increase earnings per share in the foreseeable future and investors are trading accordingly. Other reasons for a high ratio are when companies are in a growth phase, which Santos financial statements suggest it currently is not.A high ratio also suggests that the company has financial risk which was expressed in the short-term and long-term solvency ratios. While the market is willing to pay a higher price for investiture in shares per dollar Santos reports as profit, the earning s hold assists in evaluating whether returns on investment compensates the risk adequately. The yield of 3. 61% for 2013 is down on sasss 4. 53% and short of Woodside 5. 72%, which is at a lower risk. Thus, Santos shares did not perform to the industry benchmark and shareholders are not getting the yield expected for their investments.Dividends are also low, reflecting the companys growth positioning for the coming few years. 3. 0 Recommendations The increase in growing demand as expected by Mr. David Knox in a release and the move into production phase of the PING project will generate extra operating ash, primarily with already obtained assets. Therefore the focus moving forward should be reducing the financing costs involved in the cost of goods sold. This will in turn increase profit margins, giving a greater return on assets due to lower interest costs, moving margins closer to that of the benchmark Woodside Petroleum.The rate at which inventory is used to generate sales shoul d be reviewed as it is slightly behind the benchmark. One suggestion to come from these ratio findings is that debtor control needs to be tightened which in turn will improve operations cash flow. Steps have been taken during the last fiscal year to reduce the number of days to collect outstanding debtor accounts, further improvement will also increase operating cash flow which will reduce the financial risk of the company to pay its current liabilities.The inventory level should be reduced to be more comparable to Woodside and increasing the quick assets level used to repay current liabilities. Further to assist in reducing the risk associated with the companys short-term solvency would be a focus on reducing the current interest-bearing loans and borrowings. 4. Conclusion. done the usage of ratio analysis this report has analyses Santos Limiters financial performance over the last two years and benchmark it against Australias largest oil and natural gas producer.There are several other factors influencing position and performance like internationalist economies, competition and major long term growth projects etc. These play a decisive role in the changes in profits, earnings yield and dividend yield. The last two years have seen Santos profits and stock performances beneath industry averages but this is large in part to the investment in growth opportunities, which will begin production in the near future. somewhat findings and recommendations have been made to improve the financial position of the company so the entity and the shareholders that have invested in it can prosper.Although the companies are in the same field, factors like subsidiary companies or having some different end product can create problem in comparing the companies. The economic condition in the different region and the accounting techniques adopted by these companies while reason ratios and financial tenement also decreases the credibility of the calculation (Charles and Patricia , 1983) 5. 0 References Charles H. Gibson &038 Patricia A. Brush-off. 1983. Z ND Edition. Kent Publishing Company.

Disparity and Discrimination Essay

Statistics have-to doe with to reflect issues of disparity and disparity within the Ameri stomach wrong arbiter establishment. The issues that fall the enforcement of laws and government insurance policy can result in fairishice for the safety of society and/or justice that go forth single out members of society. With the diverse population musical accompaniment in the coupled States, stereotypical judgments and attitudes can influence and possibly get the best the direction of the criminal justice system. The American system of criminal justice is thought to include refer rights, due process of law in addition to fair and equitable treatment for all told people these ideas do not correlate to the information provided by law enforcement, court procedures and punitive facilities. Disparity is defined as, The condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree (American Heritage Dictionary, 2005). This idea whether on an somebody level or communal, is someth ing heavily affected by the difficulties of crime. The conflict issues within members of society and the existing disparities ar becoming ever more conglomerate by the growing immigrant and minority populations in the United States. From these disparities, the seeds of dissimilitude are sown.Discrimination is the act of singling out a certain individual/ collection for unfair treatment and has been defined as, Treatment or consideration ground on class or category rather than individual be (American Heritage Dictionary, 2005). Discrimination should not and cannot be tolerated in a just society, especially in its criminal justice system. There are change ca make use ofs of disparity including law enforcement emphasis on certain communities, criminal activity, policies by legislature and by criminal justice professionals during decision making processes exploitation broad discretion. racial disparity in criminal justice is when the attri neverthelesse of a racial/ ethnic g roup within the control of the system is greater than the proportion of such groups in the general population dickhead or unwarranted racial disparity results from the dissimilar treatment by the criminal justice system of similarly situated people ground on race. In some instances this may involve overt racial bias, while in others it may reflect the influence of factors that are unless indirectly associated with race (The Sentencing Project, 2000, p. 1-2).The impact of racial disparity is evidenced in all levels of the criminal justice system. Statistics show that more than one-fourth of all black males and 16 pct of Latinos can expect to spend clip in prison during their lifetime, while only 4 percent of whitened males ever go to prison. African-Americans make up 12 percent of the U.S. population, but they compose about half of all prison inmates and 40 percent of those sentenced to death. Even more startling, a third of all African-American males develop 20-29 are right now either locked up, on probation, or on parole ( brownish, 2006). Interpretations of the crime data can vary based on its source and these variations call into question whether the disparities come from racism within the criminal justice system or other factors. There are those that conceptualize racial disparity results directly from disagreement and is a violation of equal justice. It is often that disparities have a collective effect for example, biased influences at one stage could contribute to an increase of disparities in the following stages. mavin illustration given by The Sentencing Project stated that if bail practices resulted in minorities with similar situations being detained before trial in greater occurrences that whites, these minorities will also be disadvantaged during trial and sentencing due to less access code to defense counsel, community resources and treatment options (The Sentencing Project, 2000. p3). Another alarming trend is the use of capitol punishm ent practiced in cases of black offenders v. white victims. Disparities are a simple fact of our ever shrinking world as we continue to come into contact with multiple peoples from all over, especially in the United States. While these disparities can often lead to variation the reverse can also be true. Society must realize that both of these issues affect decisions resulting from conflicted notions from its members. Within the criminal justice system discretion should be employ cautiously and provide justification for such use.In many stages of the punitory process there are possibilities of discrimination due to disparities. If this situation occurs, the achievement would be considered biased and inconsistent with the idea of justice as it should be upheld in criminal justice proceedings. It is unfortunate that disparity is often intertwined with discrimination directed at minority groups. Additional factors that can contribute to discrimination from disparity are income level, learned skills, education and connection to society. Crime and its prison term should be based on the knowledge of what is right and wrong not the basis that one particular group is more likely to point that particular crime. Differences or disparities should not have to result in discrimination however, the key lies within the education of society as a whole.ReferencesThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright 2005, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated 2005. Brown v. Board of Education. (2006). Retrieved on May 17, 2009 from the Landmark Cases website http//www.landmarkcases.org/brown/home.htmlThe Sentencing Project. (October, 2000). Reducing Racial Disparity in the Criminal Justice System, A Manual for Practitioners and Policymakers. Retrieved on May 17, 2009 from The Sentencing Project website http//www.sentencingproject.org/Admin/Documents/publications/rd_reducingrdmanual.pdf