A Kinetic Study of the Base Catalyzed Cleavage

The University of Lethbridge Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 A KINETIC STUDY OF THE BASE CATALYZED CLEAVAGE OF DIACETONE ALCOHOL USING A DILATOMETER The decomposition of diacetone alcohol into two molecules of acetone is catalyzed by hydroxide ions and is an example of an aldol condensation in reverse. O OH OHO 2CH3-C-CH3 CH3-C-CH2-C(CH3)2 The rate of decomposition is first-order with respect to the concentrations of both diacetone alcohol and hydroxide ion: Rate = k[OH-][diacetone alcohol] (1)However, since hydroxide ion is a catalyst its concentration remains constant during the reaction. The overall reaction appears first-order (i. e. is a â€Å"pseudo first order reaction†) and follows the observable rate law Rate = k' [diacetone alcohol] where k' = k [OH-] (2) Since the overall reaction is first-order we can study the kinetics of the reaction by measuring any property of the system that undergoes a change which is proportional to the extent of reaction. Such a property in this case is the volume of the reaction solution.The effective volume of one molecule of diacetone alcohol is not the same as the effective volume of two molecules of acetone and as a result the total volume of the reaction solution changes as the reaction proceeds. In this case the solution expands although in some reactions it contracts. A simple instrument for measuring volume changes is a dilatometer which consists of a glass bulb to which is attached a tube with a stopcock (for filling the bulb) and also a piece of long capillary tubing.The bulb is filled with reaction solution to the point where liquid just enters the capillary tube and then the stopcock on the filling tube is closed. As the solution expands it does so into the capillary tube causing the meniscus in the tube to rise. By measuring the distance up the capillary tube that the meniscus travels one has a measure of the volume change. One can determine the actual volume change if the crosssectional area of the capillary is known but even that is not necessary in this experiment.Since the position of the meniscus in the capillary column can be measured accurately using a cathetometer, this is a good experiment to test the Guggenheim method for determining first-order rate constants (refer to Appendix A on â€Å"First-order Reactions†). In this method readings are generally made at times t0, t1, t2, t3, etc. , with each reading Page 2 – 1 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 taken at a constant, accurately determined time interval after the preceding measurement. The resulting data list is divided into equal halves.For example, if there are 20 readings taken at times t 0 – t19 with corresponding measurements P0 – P19, the data would be divided in two between readings P9 at t 9 and P10 at t10. Next, the differences between the measurements in the two data sets are taken, i. e. , P0-P10, P1-P11, P2-P12, etc. Notice that t he time interval between each pair of readings is constant. Finally a plot of the natural logarithm of the differences against time, i. e. , ln(P0-P10), ln(P1-P11),†¦ vs. t0, t 1,†¦ should yield a straight line of slope -k, the first-order rate constant.Apparatus Cathetometer, 3 dilatometers, timer. A dilatometer is a device for measuring the expansion (or contraction) of a liquid. Ours is of relatively simple design and was made locally by Luis Delgado from various pieces of glassware. It consists of an expansion bulb to which is attached a fine capillary tube with a narrow and hopefully uniform bore. The expansion tube is connected at the other end to a filling tube through a stopcock. When the stopcock is closed, a solution in the expansion tube can only expand up the capillary tube.The volume of liquid in a capillary or cylinder is given by the cross-sectional area, A, of the cylinder times its length, l (V = A x l). Thus by measuring the travel, ? l, of the liquid up the capillary tube one has a quantity that is proportional to the change in volume of the reaction mixture (? V = A x ? l). As a result one can follow first order reactions with a dilatometer and use the first order equation ln [(lo – l? ) / (lt – l? )]= kt Stopcock Capillary tube Filling tube Expansion bulb (3) A Dilatometer and other equations such as the Guggenheim equation that are derived from it to analyze the results.This assumes that ? l (and therefore ? V) is proportional to the extent of reaction. One must be careful with thermostating when using a dilatometer. A dilatometer, after all, is a glorified thermometer and a quite sensitive one at that. Thus the apparatus and the reaction solution must be pre-equilibrated to the temperature of the reaction. The Page 2 – 2 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 dilatometer is filled by pouring reaction mixture into the filling tube. Try to pour down the centre of the tube and not down the walls of the tube.Al so do not fill the filling tube above the level of the water in the water bath because the part of the filling tube above water level will not be well thermostated. Next the reaction mixture must be forced into the expansion bulb by use of a rubber bulb applied to the top opening of the filling tube. Often air bubbles become trapped just below the stopcock. These can be removed by sucking back with the rubber bulb. Continue to add more reaction mixture to the filling tube, as necessary. Force reaction mixture into the expansion bulb until the liquid level reaches the top of the bulb just below the capillary tube.Stop forcing liquid into the bulb and allow the liquid level to rise into the capillary tube as a result of the flow of liquid from the filling tube to the expansion bulb. DO NOT FORCE LIQUID INTO THE CAPILLARY TUBE. Close the stopcock. The dilatometer is now ready for making measurements of the meniscus height. The cathetometer is a device for measuring the relative height of the liquid column in the capillary. It consists of a vertical steel rod with a scale marked along its length and a telescope that runs up and down the rod.In operation one measures the height of the liquid column by moving the telescope so that the cross-hair is focussed on the meniscus of the liquid column. The position of the telescope (and thus the meniscus) is then read off the scale on the bar with the aid of a vernier. Ensure that you can read the vernier scale (refer to Appendix B on â€Å"Reading a Vernier†) and can operate the telescope (focus, movement up and down, and leveling) before proceeding with measurements. Reagents Diacetone alcohol, ~ 0. 40 M NaOH. Waste Disposal A 4-litre bottle for the collection of wastes is supplied with the experimental set up.All excess stock reagents and reaction solutions should be disposed of in this bottle. The glassware can then be given a single small rinse into the waste container before being cleaned further in the sink. I n preparing reaction solutions only remove as much reagent from the stock container as is necessary to make the reaction mixtures. Page 2 – 3 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 Procedure Notes: 1) In order to finish this lab in the time allotted, students must be well organized and prepared to start this experiment at the beginning of the period. 2) The ~ 0. 40 M NaOH solution will need to be standardized by each group.This can be done before or after the experiment is completed, but must be done before the calculations for the report are started. Students can arrange a suitable time for this with their instructor. (Note: A similar task was performed in Chemistry 1000 lab; it may be helpful for you to review that procedure. ) Three kinetic runs should be performed at hydroxide ion concentrations of approximately 0. 100, 0. 200 and 0. 400 M. Prepare 100 mL each of 0. 100 M and 0. 200 M sodium hydroxide solutions from the 0. 400 M solution provided. Allow a dilatometer to t hermostat in the 25 ° C water bath. Pipette exactly 50 mL of 0. 00 M NaOH solution into a 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask, stopper the flask, and allow it to thermostat in the bath as well. When the dilatometer and sodium hydroxide solution have been thermostated for at least 10 minutes, start the reaction by adding with a pipette 2 mL of diacetone alcohol into the flask containing the 50 mL of 0. 100 M NaOH solution. Stopper the flask, shake it vigorously to ensure mixing and then let it stand in the water bath for a short period to allow the bubbles to settle. Pour the settled solution into the filling tube of the dilatometer and proceed to fill the dilatometer as outlined above.When the solution enters the capillary close the stopcock on the filling tube ensuring that no bubbles remain in the bulb. Clamp the dilatometer firmly in place in the bath so that the expansion bulb is covered with water. Commence reading the height of the meniscus in the capillary column with the cathetometer and continue to do so at exactly 3-minute intervals for at least 15 readings (45 minutes). The first reading can be obtained by clamping the telescope so that the cross-hair is just above the meniscus; start the clock as the meniscus climbs to the crosshair. Because the telescope inverts its image, the meniscus will appear to be below the cross-hair when it is actually above and the meniscus will appear to be travelling down when it is actually travelling up the capillary. ) Subsequent readings will require close cooperation between lab partners. One person should follow the meniscus with the telescope while the other partner gives out the time so that the first partner can clamp the telescope in position at exactly 3-minute intervals. Page 2 – 4 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 When the readings have been completed put the dilatometer aside and proceed to the second experiment.While the first experiment is being performed, the dilatometer and the 50 mL of sodium hydrox ide solution for the second experiment should be clamped in the bath to thermostat. Repeat the procedure using 0. 200 M NaOH and 0. 400 M NaOH in place of 0. 100 M NaOH and with time intervals of 1. 5 and 0. 75 minutes respectively. In the case of the run using 0. 400 M NaOH, allow the reaction to go to completion and then read the height of the meniscus. Before leaving the laboratory, please enter names, date, and experimental data into the computer. DO NOT FORGET TO ENTER YOUR STANDARDIZATION DATA INTO THE COMPUTER ONCE YOU HAVE OBTAINED IT.Calculations and Report Use the Guggenheim method to calculate the apparent first-order rate constants (k’) for each run. For the last run, also calculate k’ using equation (3). Compare the rate constants calculated by the two methods and discuss the validity of using the Guggenheim method to calculate rate constants (i. e. discuss if the value calculated using the Guggenheim method compares favourably to the value calculated usin g the standard method). Calculate the second-order rate constants (k) in each case and discuss this confirmation of the first-order dependence on hydroxide ion concentration. Page 2 – 5

Toll Roads

One day my mother an I were driving to one of my football games. When we were about to arrive there was a little toll booth that read, â€Å"Two Dollars†. We couldn’t find any money so we decided to run it. The fine was fifty dollars. I believe we should take out toll roads because they can cause a lot of conflict with people. One reason why we should take out toll roads is because they can cause traffic. People have jobs and may have to take toll roads to get to them.Say a man is looking for money in his wallet, it may take a while and hold up people behind him. Many people will be late for work and may lose their jobs. Another reason why is because thousands of people in California are unemployed. Usually toll roads are two dollars, but it can vary. People don’t have much money do be paying for toll roads especially if you have to use one daily. You can buy a card but that leads to my next reason.If someone is leaving their house in a hurry they can forget thei r wallet which would either contain money or their toll pass. When they reach the toll road they would probably have to run it. Then they get a fine. This can cause much conflict with people. Many people may say that people work hard on the roads and they get a satisfying drive. But if you don’t have money or forget your toll pass then you’ll be in trouble. I believe that we should take out toll roads.

Ptlls Level 3 Unit 001

Preparing to Teach in the Life Long Learning Sector Unit 001 – Roles, Responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning. Candidate Name: City and Guilds Number: TASK A Guidance Document Driver Training Department. Guidance Document for driver trainers working with learners Overview Instructing, coaching and assessing in the driver training sector can present many challenges and variants when interacting with learners on a day to day basis.Training scenarios can greatly differ in their aim, practical application or severity of risk assessment and your involvement can then vary to include the protection of personal information, development of training materiel or direct contact with individuals. You should be aware of how your actions could influence or impact on not only learners, but also colleagues the Service and even members of the public. Legislation It is essential you familiarise yourself with the various Legislative acts, regulatory requirements (including codes o f practice) and Service policies which have been outlined below.Though it is not expected for trainers to know these word for word, you will need both an accurate interpretation of them and the ability to refer to them with ease. Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) This Act sets out the general duties which employers have towards employees and members of the public, and duties which employees have to themselves and to each other. The Act is in force to make the working environment a safe and secure place for any individual within it. Generally common sense assures us of this but by raising awareness and understanding then further improvements to the working conditions can be realised.The main aspects of the act are; †¢Requirements for the employer to ensure the health and safety of its employees †¢Requirements for the employer to provide adequate information, training and supervision of its employees along with adequate equipment and systems of work †¢Requirements fo r you to take care of yourself or others that may be affected by things you do or neglect to do. †¢Requirements for you to co-operate with employers and not to misuse or interfere with anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfare.You will also be teaching and working within some regulations that are ‘born from’ or linked to the Health and Safety at Work Act. The main ones of these are. †¢PUWER (Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations) 1998 †¢LOLER (Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations) 1998 Further information on Health and Safety legislation can be found on the LFRS Service intranet system, http://Pages/Health-and-Safety. aspx where there are also links to www. hse. gov. uk for self- research. You can also find relevant presentations for delivery to learners on the Driver Training Department, server in the presentations folder.Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 and Road Safety Act 2006 When working in the Emergenc y Response Driver Training (ERDT) sector, this legislation forms a major influence on not only what you teach but also how you teach it. †¢Section 19 Road Safety Act 2006 (ne. sect. 87 Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984) gives and exemption for speed limits provided that i)observing the speed limit would hinder the vehicle, ii) the driver has been trained in accordance with this legislation, iii) the vehicle is being used for training purposes. †¢Contained within the Road Safety Act is the competency requirements of ERDTYou will also be teaching and working within some regulations that are ‘born from’ or linked to the Acts. The main ones of these are. †¢Traffic Signs and General Directions Regulation 2002 †¢Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossing Regulations 1997 †¢Motorway Traffic (England & Wales) Regulations 1982 Further information on road traffic legislation can be found on the LFRS Service intranet system, http://Pages/DriverTraining-M aterial. aspx where there are relevant presentations and also links to Department for Transport section within www. gov. uk/government/orginisations/department-for-transport web sites for self- research.Service Policy LFRS has a service Health and Safety policy specifically covering all types of vehicle related operations. It is titled Road Risk Management and acts a policy, but also gives guidance to the above legislative requirements. There is an overriding message of ‘drive to arrive’, highlighted by response driving speed limits. †¢Responding vehicles are subject to a policy enforced limit of the speed limit enforced for that vehicle on that road at that time, + 20 mph. Road Risk Management policy is available on LFRS intranet system http://corporate/policies/Pages/PoliciesProcedures. spx Though not part of your main role, there may be occasions where you come into contact with vulnerable groups. You should make yourself aware of service guidance relating to th is subject and the legislation Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006. This can be found on www. legislation. gov. uk Professional Qualifications and Membership As a member of the Driver Training team you will be required to hold several qualifications or memberships that may require periodic re-accreditation, CPD and operating within Codes of Practice.Your role will require registration as a member of the Institute for Learning, IfL. It has a code that was developed by the profession for the profession to outline the behaviours expected of members. The Driver Training department adopts the code and its outlining behaviours; †¢Integrity †¢Respect †¢Care †¢Practice †¢Disclosure †¢Responsibility Further information can be found on the IfL website www. ifl. ac. uk You should also make yourself familiar with The Further Education Teachers’ Qualifications Regulations 2012. This can be found at www. legislation. gov. ukProfessional relationships, resp onsibilities and boundaries. You should look to behave in a way that is appropriate to your role and promote appropriate behaviour and respect from learners you interact with. You should be aware and operate within any ground rules that are set by your employer and emphasised through your line manager. You are also responsible for ground rules that you should look to install between you and your learners. Below are some examples and scenarios that you should be aware of in your role. The role of a Driver Trainer often brings you into close contact with small roups of learners, in a closed and personal environment and for extended periods of time. The need to create an open and relaxed environment is important, especially during ERDT, but this could lead to a blurring of boundaries between teacher and learner. It is important that you are aware of this and maintain the authority to be able to control situations safely when teaching in a moving vehicle environment. Though you may know students through other avenues such as other work activities or sports clubs you should be aware of discussing aspects of training, especially on social media sites.You should also be aware of commenting on aspects of your working day which could be open to public view and be easily misinterpreted by other employees or members of the public. You should be aware of the boundaries of your responsibilities during your working day. For example, you may encounter a problem with a training vehicle that you think you may be able to repair. This may cause further damage or not repair the fault adequately which may have implications later in the day. The service has many departments that specialise in different areas that are available for you to call on and will assist you when it is beyond your responsibility.During the delivery of training courses your main responsibility will be to your students; however there will be other professionals who you will need to interact with. Internally th ese could include other instructors, colleagues from other departments, your line managers and learner’s line managers. You should aim to deal with each whilst remaining professional and thoughtful of the role they have and to not overstep the boundary of your role. External agencies such as Police, training facilities or members of the public should be dealt with professionally and respectfully.Remember you are representing the service and the department at all times. If you are ever in doubt of your responsibilities and boundaries of your role, always ask someone, either another teacher, line manager or a colleague related to the task in question. Individual learning needs Though on the surface most driver training courses are ‘pre-programmed’ with times, facilities and outcomes; the learning that is delivered is very flexible and can vary greatly from course to course due to the individual’s needs. It is your responsibility to facilitate this, rememberi ng to stay within the boundaries of your role.A scenario may occur where a student has personal commitments such has child care or transportation problems that may affect the delivery of the course. Guidance for the flexibility of course timings can be, at the first point, discussed between teacher and learner. This could then be referred to Driver Training line manager or the Specialist Training Manager for clarity or confirmation. If longer periods of time off are needed you can refer the learner to the Absence Management Policy http://corporate/policies/Pages/PoliciesProcedures. spx . There is often a miss conception within the service that the standard of numeracy and literacy skills is fairly similar, or at least above a given standard. The truth is often far from this and you should be aware of a learners need in this area. Though the majority of driver training is of a practical nature you should be aware of learning barriers. These can include factors such as an individualâ €™s learning style or conditions such as dyslexia. Learners may be unaware of these factors or unwilling to disclose them.For learning styles you can encourage completion of a VAK questionnaire, found on the team site http://team/sites/ds/default. aspx. This will enable you and the learner to better focus the information they receive and may make them more aware of their learning style. When delivering sessions that involve presentations, reading, writing, facts and figures or even discussions, be respectful of individual’s learning needs and be observant of the learner’s reactions. You should be aware of factors linked to dyslexia that may also affect other aspects of driver training.Disorders such as dyspraxia may be apparent in a mild form and can affect a learner’s movement and coordination. This may become evident when operating lifting hydraulics or following verbal commands in a vehicle. If you experience learners that make you aware of these factors work together with them in a respectful way. If you or they need further information there are many useful websites such as the dyslexia foundation www. dyslexiafoundation. co. uk/ and the dyspraxia foundation. www. dyspraxiafoundation. org. uk/ . Reference List

ADULT DEV SLP2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ADULT DEV SLP2 - Research Paper Example Thus when an individual turns into an adult he should not be taught, guided and directed as children. Secondly, when an individual enters into adulthood, they have captured huge amount of experience and information and this experience is of high value to them as this experience shapes their beliefs, norms and values. If teachers underestimate the experience of adult learners and start teaching them through their own experience like they teach children, adults tend to question what the teachers are teaching because their experiences might be different from what the teachers and the course material is informing them. As an individual enters the ages of adulthood, his/her demand for knowledge increases and his/her readiness to learn more even increases (Merriam, 1989). During childhood, individuals do not tend to care much about education and whatever they learn is more targeted towards completing a particular course and earning high grades in them. On the other hand an adult learns so he can practice what he has learned, thus they want to learn more so they can apply more and become successful in their jobs. Since adults are working and have jobs, they give more importance to the practical side of knowledge they are gaining from educational institutes. An adults learning is more task oriented than just for the purpose of gaining knowledge (Rubenson, 2011). This is why when educators teach theory to adults without informing them about the application of that theory, adults find that piece of information irrelevant and tend to ignore its importance. On the other hand if educators teach concepts wi th practical application to adults, adults will learn better and absorb more information. During adulthood, students prefer not to waste time as their social roles increase. Their social role may include role of father, son, employee, friend, student and husband. Thus, adult students have to devote their time and effort to all their

Business plan for a startup business Assignment

Business plan for a startup business - Assignment Example tomized computers and repair service in the next three years of operation by offering customers the latitude to customize the specification and performance of their computers at a low cost with an after sales support of highly competent technicians. Computer Savers is a computer assembly and repair business intended to cater to small business owners as well as home PC users. It is engage in the selling of computer parts and software and is also engaged in the customization, upgrade, repair, virus removal and hard disk data recovery of computers. The company intends to create a niche in the computer retail and service industry by providing customized computers as well as providing repair service at a significantly lower cost than competition. Computer Savers offers customized computers and repair service to its customers. To enable Computer Savers to offer customized computers to its customers, it will sell computer parts for ease, convenience and easy availability of the necessary hardware to assemble a computer. It will also sell licensed softwares to make the assembled computers usable after leaving the outlet. The repair service component of Computer Savers will complement the computer customization business by offering repair service after the computer’s warranty coverage has elapsed. It will work in synergy with the computer customization business as the skills needed in the repair component of the business can also be used in the assembly of computers. Computer Savers will make a niche in the computer retail and service industry by offering computer products and services that is significantly lower than the competition. It will cater to the specific segment of a market where end users prefer to customize the specification of their computers. Computer Savers will also offer an after sales support through its repair business component. Combining these elements of offering customized computers at a lower price with an after sales support will make

William Shakespeare's Influence on his Period Research Paper

William Shakespeare's Influence on his Period - Research Paper Example Queen Elizabeth had strong foreign policies and tactical diplomacy, and this encouraged migration of from the two power states France and Spain. About the same period of Shakespeare’s career, religious reformations were taking place, and England was in the middle of the reformations as Queen Elizabeth reign gave freedom of religion between the Catholic and the Protestants. The Queen’s ambiguity on the issue of religion gave Shakespeare a good environment for his play. Shakespeare’s religion remains uncertain but some people believe he was Catholic, as were his parents (Huxley). However, Shakespeare brought up he daughter as a Protestant. Those who say he was Catholic base their arguments on his works saying that the scripts depict Catholic beliefs. Characters in his plays show their devotion to the saints. This is true, but we should remember that a playwright’s work does not necessarily represent his or her beliefs. The society in the Elizabethan times be lieved in a universal order of things, or the Great Chain of Being. All the things in the universe had their rightful place, from the angel to the plants and elements. The human race was above the animals and the plants, but the human soul and God were higher up the hierarchy. The plays by Shakespeare incorporated these beliefs (Hylton). Characters in the play follow this hierarchy, and they are punished if they do not align with the order. The serious relationships in his play follow this order of being, and commonly carry the plot of the play. An instance is in the play A Midsummer’s Night Dream where Titania is under a love spell. She is destined to fall in love with the creatures that she sets her eyes on first, which turns out to be Nick bottom, a weaver. This relationship highlights the violation of the order of being. At the end of the play, the mistakes are rectified and the Queen and king of the Fairies reunite. The other couple also reunites and they live happily ev er after. All the serious relationship that Shakespeare creates complies with the Great Chain of Being (Ackroyd 321). Hence, Shakespeare seems to be advocating to the hierarchy in the society. The English Renaissance period had interests in Greek and Latin classics. Some of his plays have classical characters and settings, like Venus and Adonis, Rape of Lucrece, and Julius Caesar. Some of the critics have analyzed the use of classical setting as effects of school study of works from Ovid, Plutarch, and Livy (AbsoluteShakespeare). Nevertheless, Shakespeare also used the tragic hero, a persona described by Socrates in classical literature. This is notable in the plays King Lear, and Macbeth. Still in the plays Macbeth and King Lear, Shakespeare reflects the issue of independent in women. Lady Macbeth mock and manipulates his husbands, in contrast to what The Courtier had stipulated. The Courtier was a handbook for the society in the Renaissance era, and stipulated that a woman’ s duty was to please a man. In King Lear, the daughters of the king influence their husbands and are not subservient to their father. The illustration of independent women in his play might have had an influence from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, but might as well be reflecting Shakespeare’s idea of gender equality (McEvoy 230). Female characters in plays by Shakespeare violate the regulations observed by the society and succeed in their own ways. In conclusion, Shakespeare’s works import settings from outside the Elizabethan era. An analysis of his works reflects that

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Global Warming - Essay Example In 1896 a Swedish scientist put forth the position that burning of fossil fuels causes accumulation of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere, which in turn creates a â€Å"greenhouse effect† and elevation of global temperatures. In the 1950s, the notion of global warming cropped up again when G.S. Callender highlighted the dangers of the greenhouse effect (Weart 2003). Weather models developed in the 1960s led to the discovery that the levels of certain gases were rising, degrading the fragile ozone layer in the atmosphere. The summer of 1988 was the hottest one on record with temperatures rising ever since and concerns about global warming have escalated since that time. Weather is truly international, but during the earlier part of the 1900s weather had low priority. Meteorologists and scientists of various countries banded together under the umbrella of the IGY (International Geophysical Year). Drilling of the ice caps commenced in Greenland, yielding the discovery that ice cores held a record of climactic history. This later led to the formation of the GARP (Global Atmospheric research program) which was headed by the Swedish meteorologist Bert Bolin, devoted to weather forecasting and the study of the steadily rising curve of atmospheric Carbon dioxide. Weart (2003) provides a detailed discussion of the phenomenon of climactic changes and the conflicting predictions of scientists on global warming and cooling. He details the IPCC reports of 1995 and 1997, wherein scientific experts predicted that by the middle of the 21st century, the temperature of the world would have increased between 1.5 to 4.50C, figures which have been recently revised upwa rds to as much as 5.50C.(Weart 2003).

Environmental Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Ethics - Essay Example Ecofeminist has different perspectives and argue on various basic concepts that build up the philosophy. Today, many feminist supports that our environment is apparently a feminist issue. This philosophy has been really popular and many relate the ethics of the environment to feminism and have their contradictions over the patriarchal issue and the biases as well as the dominance that comes in hand with the situation. One needs to understand in depth the basis of this philosophy. "A feminist uses gender analysis as the starting point; gender is the lens through which the initial description and analysis occur." Similarly like feminism, many forms of ecofeminism prevail. Ecofeminism is basically a name given to various feminist practices and philosophical ideas. These various approaches not only represent feminism but also how different forces of nature play and how they can overcome environmental concerns. Some examples of different perspective are liberal, Marxist, black etc. Theref ore various environmental philosophical positions that accept feminine issues and support feminism are generally referred to as ecofeminist positions. "Views which uncritically embrace unified or one stance views of feminine sides of gender dichotomies are not feminist; they are better understood as ecofeminine than ecofeminist. They are, in fact, dangerous views from a genuinely feminist perspective." (Darion, 1999) The question here arises that what does one perceive about ecofeminism? What makes this philosophy so concrete that it stands as a complete concept which deals with its theoretical support or the political movement? Although there are significant differences between ecofeminism and feminism from which it has actually rooted, but all ecofeminist agree about certain things which are prominent in feminism. For instance, there is always a significant link between the dominant forces of nature and women, which is essential to understand three things that is feminism, philoso phy of the environment and environmentalism. The major reason to establish this movement is to highlight the links between nature and women and how dangerous these connections can be at times. Ecofeminist have been successful in identifying eight different sorts of links. The links between these two intriguing forces are at times due to competition, at times they are complementing each other or can also be supportive, all this can eventually sum up to analyze forces of nature and the dominance between the two i.e women and nature. The eight connections are as follows: 1. Historical connection (causal): a link between women and nature can be historical. One of the causals is the historic data that develop and nurture theories which deal with the initialization and connection between the domination of women and nature. This concept is so concrete that Ariel Salleh claim's that ecofeminism is particularly a cent progress in the feministic approach and believes that the recent crisis th at has occurred globally and environmentally is basically because of the prevailing culture of patriarchal. (katz,2000) 2. Concept based Connections: Most of the scholars that study ecofeminism believe that the dominant power between women and nature is because of the causal connection which basically stems from causal links which take their branches from concept based structures of domination that develop and nurture women and nature in a social system which consist of male biases. 3.

Non-probability Samples in Management Research Essay - 1

Non-probability Samples in Management Research - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that all individuals have equal chances of being considered for selection in probability sampling. The outcomes of probability sampling are more likely to give a fairly accurate representation or reflection of the entire population. It is imperative that researchers consider the availability, time, cost, and the subject to research about when choosing a sampling technique. Probability sampling has gained vast popularity among scholars in both fields of quantitative and qualitative study. Overall, researchers or project managers would employ non-probability in the survey while holding on to a basic assumption that the entire population has evenly distributed characteristics. In this case, non-probability samples would be relevant in generating accurate results, as well as inferences about the population under study. Even though non-probability samples are ineffective for generalizations of results about the entire population, they are highly b eneficial when the researcher faces workforce constraints, inadequate funding, accessibility problems, and limited time. A non-probability sample refers to a sample or sampling technique that is not based on the methods of random selection. On the contrary, probability samples are based on random selection techniques. All individuals or subjects in a probability sample have equal chances of being considered for selection during probability sampling. First, non-probability samples are valuable in circumstances where only the sample units that are conveniently and easily accessed. Secondly, non-probability samples enable the researcher to generate ideas and get constructive feedback. A typical case is when a project manager uses quota samples (females and males) to generate important ideas and obtain pertinent feedback. Thirdly, non-probability sampling is less costly and more convenient. The sample is widely applicable in situations where the researcher wants to generate ideas throug h sampling but lacks adequate funding to undertake a more comprehensive study of the entire population.

Litigating a tax matter--the judicial process Essay

Litigating a tax matter--the judicial process - Essay Example Power rifts that exist between the legislative and executive branches of government on who is to make decisions also affects citizen, a lot of time is wasted of formulating budgets and it makes it even worse that incase of any changes that are made, long bureaucratic lines have to be made to ensure that the right authority is given. This rift has proven to cause the citizens negatively since as the branches take time to process their budgetary terms, the citizens continue paying the taxes and taking a longer time to get entitlement programs. As citizens, they are entitled to getting grants, loans, operating and capital budgets, but this becomes either easy or hard depending on the process it takes for approval and which program one is applying for. Entitlement programs are given on the basis of how many people or organizations actually meet the requirements of getting the programs. This also is dependant on he government that the person or organization is under since the state and local governments budget on a separately for operating expenses and budgets (S.Rubin). Decisions made that make the budgeting process vary from one state to another easily affects the citizens. Most citizens are likely to live in one state and work in another or be in a situation where their families live in a different state from the one their working in. A good example as explained in the chapter in the difference in budget processes between the state of Texas and Georgia where in Texas the legislative budget board and the governor works together in the budget planning process. Here citizens have to ensure that their application comply with standards of the board and the governor. In Georgia however the process is made easier for the citizens since the legislative institutions have no role in discussing the budget process. With this example it

Hostile Takeover Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hostile Takeover - Research Paper Example er owns a substantial block of target’s stock commonly referred as the foothold block that can demonstrably afford to finance a hostile offer for control. Hostile dodder may require making merger to gain total control of the target’s assets this is accomplished once the bidder has purchased a majority voting stock (Anderson, 2006). Hostile tenders are known to have been around for decades; however they remain rare. The adoption of the second generation of state-level antitakeover laws that was applied between 1987 and 1990 provides an exogenous increase in the cost of hostile takeover, which go hand in hand with a natural control sample of sample of states that did not pass such laws. Additionally, the effectiveness of these laws is criticized by the question of how frequent the takeovers may be. Hostile takeover has been criticized using stakeholder’s model which is able to predict hostile takeovers as occasions for the redistribution rather than the generation of wealth. Managers find out that the gains that are made by shareholders accrue from greater efficiency in the management of assets rather than income transfers (Anderson, 2006). Hostile takeovers can be regarded as a mechanism both for raising shareholder value and for enhancing the efficiency of the corporate system as a whole. However this hostile bids has two major effects, the first effect is that the threat of an unwelcome bid served to improve the performance of incumbent managers made to align their interest more completely with the shareholders. Secondly, with hostile bids, even in unsuccessful situation they tend to induce corporate restructurings which in turn freed up productive resources to be reallocated and be more efficient hence useful elsewhere in the economy. Corporate managers have secrecy over capital structures choices this is evident as the firms’ founding shareholders cannot write a comprehensive contract specifying all future financing decisions. However, capital

Why Interracial Dating is still not accepted Essay Example for Free

Why Interracial Dating is still not accepted Essay The representatives of different races have always been founding shelter and new home for them on the U. S territory, but in the last hundred years the quantity of immigrants has increased. Thus, it is no wonder that nowadays dating and marriages between the representatives of different races have also become more often. The main racial groups that live on the U. S territory, White Americans, African Americans and Asian Americans nowadays enter mixed marriages much more often than forty or thirty years ago, as nowadays the impact of social norms that disapprove of interracial relationship has become much weaker. Thus, the Black vice White, and Asian vice White couples with kids can be seen in every American city. Nevertheless, while racial discrimination has diminished its influence in the marital aspect, new problems have appeared for the interracial couples, and new societal attitudes developed, which complicate the life of those, who decided to tie the knot with the representative of the race different than his or hers. The number of people who strongly disapprove of interracial dating has declined since the middle of the 20th century, but still there are citizens, who insist that marriages between the representatives of different races should be banned. They explain their viewpoint by the fear for the future of children born in these kinds of marriages, and by the imbalance in the social and cultural levels of people of different races. Nevertheless, it is not the main reason for the negative attitude towards interracial dating that still exists in the American society. The main cause of disturbance about interracial dating and marriages nowadays is statistical. The history of this phenomenon shows that with the outspread of this kind of marital relationships, the married/single ratios for the representatives of most races that live on the U. S territory has changed dramatically. The roots of this change lie in the lop-sided distribution of people in the interracial marriages. Statistics says that if we talk about marriages between the representatives of different races, than White vice Black and White vice Asian marriages are the most widespread. The problem is that in most White vice Black marriages black men marry white women, and in White vice Asian couples those are white men who have Asian wives. In the 1990 Census, 72 per cent of black-white couples consisted of a black husband and a white wife. In contrast, white-Asian pairs showed the reverse: 72 per cent consisted of a white husband and an Asian wife (Sailer, 1997). The 1992 Sex in America study of 3,432 people found that ten times more single white women than single white men reported that their most recent sex partner was black. In 1990, 1. 46 million Asian women were married, compared to only 1. 26 million Asian men. It is obvious that this distribution creates severe problems among African-American women and Asian males, who feel the scarcity of partners within their own race, and have little possibility to find them outside of it. The reason is that marriages between white man and African-American women, as well as between Asian males and white women are rare. African-American vice Asian marriages are even harder to found. Thus, every year the U. S society gets a considerable quantity of African-American women, and Asian-American men who are unable to find a partner. No wonder that African-American and Asian American communities arent silent about this problem. Numerous talk shows, books, and movies acquainted the American society with the problems African-American women have. The Afro-American activists created a feeling in most of the female representatives of this race that white women steal black man from Afro-American women. This attitude provokes hostility towards white women among the Afro-American ones, and also worsens the attitude towards interracial marriages in the whole society. Asian-American males are also downtrodden by the existing situation. They, in their turn, develop negative attitudes towards white men, who deprive them of the possibility to create families with Asian women. Some researchers propose that to solve this problem white males should be encouraged to marry Afro-American women, and white women be keener on having relationships with Asian males, but the other prove it would be ineffective for purely biological reasons. The thing is that, as the researchers proved, those are mostly hormonal reasons for which black males and Asian females are seen as the most attractive partners. The scientists found out that black men are on average more masculine than the white and Asian ones, while Asian females are the most feminine. In the same time, most men see Afro-American women as less feminine than white females, and Asian males, due to their build, are considered to be less masculine. In addition to the biological reasoning, these images are supported and promoted by the media stereotypes, where Afro-American males are depicted as hyper masculine, and Asian women – hyper feminine. Nature and society dictates that a person should choose a heterosexual partner with the most prominent features of the representative of the opposite gender, thus the Afro-American women and Asian males have problems finding partners, which, in its turn, creates strained attitudes towards interracial dating and marriage in the whole U. S society. The attitudes towards interracial dating and marriages have become much more tolerant in the past forty years, but the strain concerning this question still exists in the society. It is mostly caused by the fact that due to social and biological reasons Afro-American females, and Asian males experience problems trying to find a partner, as the considerable part of males and females who belong to their races prefer to have white partners. Works Cited 1. Sailer, S. Is love colorblind? public opinion about interracial marriage. National Review, 1997

Protection Against Cyber Attacks

Protection Against Cyber Attacks Joshua Smeal Heres something to think about. It is reported that roughly 80 million to 90 million cyber-attacks occur each year, which breaks down to about 400 new attacks every single minute. The sad part of that statistic? Over 70% of these recurring attacks go unnoticed! People dont quite understand the risks that come along with using a computer in their daily lives. There are a lot of people that do use security measures to safely browse the internet, download files from the internet, etc. Although many people are safe, there are the few that do not use any precautions or countermeasures and inevitably fall into a trap and end up losing personal information, money, or worst case even their identity. It is important to know what Cyber Security is in a general perspective, the different kinds of attacks that are out there, and the best ways to secure yourself as well as others from the risks they encounter daily when using computers. To elaborate on the meaning of Cyber Security, It is in broad terms the security of the cyberspace. Cyberspace and its underlying infrastructure are vulnerable to a wide range of risk stemming from both physical cyber threats and hazards. Cyberspace is particularly difficult to secure due to a number of factions including the ability for malicious operators to operate anywhere in the world. What exactly is a cyber-attack? A cyber-attack is a deliberate exploitation of computer systems, technology-dependent enterprises or networks. Cyber-attacks use malicious code to change the code, resulting in disruptive actions that may compromise information and allow for a crime to begin. This oftentimes happens when a person will be downloading what looks to be an anti-virus program to get rid of a virus or malware he/she thinks they may have because their computer is very slow. Once that program is running it may allow for all the data on the computer to be compromised. Once that data is comp romised it will allow for a crime to be committed and it turns into a cyber-attack. To go into more detail about a cyber-attack, there are many, many different types of cyber attacks. One of the most common cyber-attacks is malware, which can be explained as malicious code that has a malicious intent which is often used to destroy something or used to steal personal information such as a persons credit card information or social security number. Another type of attack is a virus, which is used to make a PC sick which then hides within the computer file system. They can replicate themselves by attaching to other programs and or files. Theyre usually used to slow down computers to the point of no recovery and the user can no longer use the computer properly anymore. Spyware is another type of attack and is used to spy on its victim. These types of attacks usually hide, as a spy would do in real life. They can log a victims actions, and are capable of recording keystrokes, which means they can see passwords that the victim types into the computer through the keyboard. Similar to a virus, is a worm. It replicates itself but unlike a virus doesnt need to attach to a file and or program. Worms can live by themselves and can replicate across different computers or networks, such as a school network, computer to computer. On the other hand, there are password attacks focused on a different goal, to gain access to a secured system such as a database or admin account. The first method and most commonly used is a brute-force. This method is used to crack a password. Brute force is using all possible combos of letters, numbers, and symbols to enter a correct password. Another type of password attack is a dictionary attack, which is when an attacker uses a dictionary to crack a password. The most essentials words in the dictionary are used to guess the password of a users account. The last type of attack is to deny the service someone is using or currently owns. It is most commonly known as a DOS attack, or a denial of service attack. This is a special for m of attack to interrupt a network service which is able to be achieved by sending high volumes of packets, or traffic through the target until slowed down or stopped completely. There are much more that are not listed, but these are the most commonly known and used types of attacks used by cyber criminals. Additionally, everyone should know how to protect themselves from the different types of attacks listed above and know how to be safe when using computers in their everyday lives. People should not click unknown links in their emails, if it were to be legit you should be able to go to a website that it came from and verify that it is legit. Another safety tip includes not downloading attachments in emails received from retailers. Typically retailers do not include attachments, and if there is any doubt that it is not real you should call the company first. A big safety tip is Do not give out personal information over phone or computer. Social Engineering is a process used to trick people into doing something they would not normally do such as updating their password on a website or giving a security professional their passwords to make sure theyre account is not in harms way. Some basic safety guidelines are as follows: Set secure passwords, keep everything up to date, pay close atte ntions to URLs, be suspicious of any clickable links, and verify everything possible. Now for the more technical part, this would include having a great antivirus program. Antivirus programs usually well take care of virus quickly and efficiently. Although people can get antivirus programs, there are new viruss made daily and are not updated within the system instantly which are defined as rogue viruses which even the best scanners cant find them. A rogue virus is defined as an infection where it displays itself on the PC screen, pretending to be a virus cleaner, registry cleaner, or hard drive optimization tool. They can scare you into purchasing something to remove fake viruses or say your computer is in poor condition.

Portrayal Of Women In Chronicle Of Death English Literature Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Chronicle Of Death English Literature Essay Women, generally play many roles in their lives and their portrayal of their character differs from different narratives. We see various personalities of women characters in the novel chronicle of a death foretold and the Theban play Antigone. The main characters I would be analyzing are Antigone, Ismene and Angela Vicario. Although ancient Greece was a male dominated society, Antigone written by Sophocles portrays women as being strong and capable of making wise decisions on their own without any support from men. In this famous tragedy, Sophocles uses the characters Ismene and Antigone to show the different characteristics and roles that woman is typical of interpreting. Traditionally women are characterized as weak and inferior and Ismene is portrayed in this way. Through the character of Antigone, women finally get to present realistic viewpoints about their character. The stereotypes presented in this tragedy address many perspectives of men at this time. Antigones spirit is filled with bravery, passion and rebellion; which allow her to symbolize the very essence of women. She is strong enough to do what her conscious tells her despite the laws of the land, set by the king. Many examples in the play prove that Antigones character is very capable of making her own decisions in the name of justice. First, Antigone opposes Creons law and buries her brother Polyneices because in her mind it wasnt right to accept this discrimination. She does this because she is compassionate and loves her brother very much. Creon believes that his laws must be obeyed and would do anything to prevent any type rebelling against them, especially by a woman. He is even more infuriated when he learns that a woman has broken his laws, this was highly an unexpected task done by a woman, this showed that the woman were portrayed as weak characters incapable of even thinking to break the laws set by the land. Secondly, Antigone shows how determined she is by accepting her consequences with pride. She does not try to hide that she is responsible for breaking Creons laws; moreover, she takes all the credit for her doings. All the while she maintains her strength because she truly believes in her actions. These sorts of actions ultimately prove that Antigone is courageous and willing to stand up to men, which was completely against the norm at this time. Her spirit refuses to submit to the role of a helpless woman like her sister Ismenes character does. Ismene is described to be a coward and refuses to help her sister because she feared men. Her character is a close representation of the viewpoints of the male gender regarding women. She is subordinate and weak-willed. She refuses to stand up to Creon due to her fears even though in her heart she knows that his laws are morally wrong and unacceptable. This type of behavior in famous works of art is very common for women to behave like this. Ismene proclaims, We are only women, we cannot fight with men, Antigone! this proves that she is unwilling to do the right thing if it means standing up to a man. Another example of how cowardly Ismene is portrayed is when she tries to take credit for burying her brother with Antigone. She is so scared that she will be left all alone without Antigone that she is willing to die with her. Then when he realizes she had no part in the crime does he describes her as, .she never had a mind at all. (Sophocles, pg.208) The play is also filled with instan ces of a sexist male viewpoint. Creon states,1If we must lose, lets lose to a man, at least. Is a woman stronger than we? This is evidence that Creon does not see women as equals to men. He feels that women have no rights to break the laws and therefore, must be punished for their irrationality. He eventually realizes that he has offended the Gods with his actions as ruler of Thebes. It is not until his own wife kills herself because of his tyranny against humanity does he realize his mistakes. This is way too late to redeem his lost loved ones or take back his disrespect toward women. The Greek tragedy Antigone by Sophocles is one of the dramatic plays that display the different roles women play in society. The two sisters Ismene and Antigone portray major female characteristics. While Antigone plays the role of a strong and sensible woman, Ismene portrays the typical submissive and mild role. The character of Creon demonstrates through his tyrant rule, the sexist male viewpoint of the ancient Greek world. This play proves that gender disparity has always been present in society since many centuries ago. In the novel chronicle of a death foretold the main female character we encounter in the book is Angela Vicario, who is the bride of the groom named Bayardo san Roman. She is in many ways one of the main characters in the story, and has the strongest narrative voice. In addition, she is center of the mystery that the narrator is trying to unravel, since she is the only one who knows whether or not Santiago was truly the one who took her virginity, and she remains mysterious at the end of the story because she never reveals whether or not he was guilty.

Apology Essay -- miscellaneous

Apology I apologize for my inappropriate behavior on (what ever date you want here) in the cafeteria. It was very rude for me to laugh while you were speaking, there was no humor in what you had to say. I would also like to apologize to the teachers, I’m very sorry, it will never happen again. My unnecessary behavior as totally unacceptable. This essay taught me to fully respect my teachers, and peers. There is no excuse for why I acted like I did in he cafeteria. I am completely responsible for my own actions. I was in the wrong to laugh while you and the other teachers were speaking. I am completely sorry I learned my lesson and I will never act the way I did towards you and the other teachers ever again. I have decided to write this because I really don’t want to get suspende...

Hiroshima :: essays research papers

The first most powerful bomb, which is called the atom bomb, was dropped on August 6 , 1945. In a city located in Japan, called Hiroshima. With these facts and the information i've read from this one book called "Hiroshima" I have a very strong opinion which I will speak of now. I think that the atomic bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima was a petty, childish way of trying to win a war. It was inhuman, so horrible that anyone whom lived through it, would most likely be traumatized for the rest of their living lives. I don't think what the Americans did was very right at all. If they wanted a war, not that war is a way to solve anything, then they should have fought the old fashioned way. Rather than ruining so many peoples lives. Atomic bombs are not something that should even be in existence, but they are. There's really nothing we can do about them, because of the more powerful people in this world. They find this extraordinary weapons to be their only defense. But I think it's pathetic. They go off an kill so many people, and wounded the rest. They brought many cities to destruction and cost them millions of dollars to rebuild. You just can't toy with peoples lives like that. I think it should be illegal. If they wanted to harm certain people, then fight it out with them. Don't kill innocent peoples lives. If they knew the enormous danger and effects of this new bomb, then they shouldn't have done it. Perhaps they could have found a different way to finish this all.Critical Appraisal- "Z for Zachariah" and "Hiroshima"In my personal opinion "Z for Zachariah" could have been a bit more accurate in which ways they made the radiation affect people. First off, in "Hiroshima", which was a true story, not all the people died from the radiation, yes they got very ill from it. Such as fevers, vomiting, hair loss, white blood count going up and down, etc. But most of them died from all the wounds from the bomb. And the radiation didn't kill and poison all the things within the bomb as it did in "Z". "Hiroshima" had alot more telling about how the radiation effect the people physically than "Z" did. They were pretty close to getting the same idea of what happens when people get radiation, but they missed quite a few points.

Deforestation: Ecosystem and Private Sector Views

Trees are one of the most important aspects of the planet we live in . They are very important to the environment , economy and of course for us humans. They are also important for the climate of the earth , as they act as filters for carbon dioxide . However , the trees on our planet are being depleted at a very fast rate and governments must take an action to make a change. To discuss deforestation we need to look at a role of government and its economic policies .Also we need to look at how the private sector views the ownership of property and its resource at the expense of the environment. Deforestation is the felling and clearance of the land , mostly in the (Less Economic Developed countries. ) . Deforestation occurs in many ways. Most of the clearing its done for agricultural purposes, and planting crops. Some farmers use a( slash and burn) process which is environmentally .Deforestation and forest degradation are ultimately the result of decisions by agents made such as priv ate , corporations and communities. Generally, the main agents in the process of degradation belongs to the private sector. For example landowners are motivated by making commercial profits by forests. So if the private agents have to pay for some of the cost of depleting forests, they are more likely to have more of an incentive to take care of the environment. For example to convert forest land for other uses.Pearce and Warford (1993) argue that :†High discount rates are one cause of environmental degradation because they encourage individuals to opt for short term measures that satisfy immediate needs or wants and ignore more environmentally appropriate practice such as planting trees, there is no market to take account of this divergence between private and social preferences Deforestation has many effects on climate. It plays a major role in recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives rainfall.As a result , when the land is cleared , flooding and drought becomes a serious problem, because rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it . The burning and felling of the forests is also exacerbating the Greenhouse effect. .Deforestation robs the world of countless species , destroying crucial biodiversity and loosing species with potential uses in medicine , agriculture and industry. the Biodiversity is very important to the Ecosystem and without it we would be in a dangerous positions..In 2000 environmentalist groups won a major victory against ranchers . They were able to block a low that would have allowed private agents to clear a rainforest and land with no restrictions. Another victory come in 2004 when Brazilian government created two large rainforest reserves, for sustainable activities only . Deforestation has a major impact on the environment, such as rising sea levels , soil erosion and compounds in the forests. There are some ways to avoid deforestation.In this essay I tried to show this matter of both sided can benefit if they take in to consideration each other needs . As good way to prevent people from cutting or burning down trees is to by encouraging and re-educating environmentally friendly practices in business as well as in a personal lives. They can take an ownership and contribute to a sustainable future for the environment , by being more socially responsible . Governments and nations can develop policies which will protect and limit the damage to the environment.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Essay

Mohammad Rabah Harriet Beecher Stowe and Other Influences on the Civil War Harriet Beecher Stowe's book Uncle Tom's Cabin is often seen as a primary influence of the Civil War. She showed just how terrible and difficult the life of a slave really was. By doing so she caused a lot of disturbances across the country regarding the institution of slavery. It open many people's eyes to the terrible conditions slaves lived under and led many to act towards the abolition of slavery. Uncle Tom's Cabin displays the hardships of Tom, Eliza, and George, as well as the other slaves they encounter along their journey. The hardships suffered by them showed just how cruel and terrifying the life of a slave could be. Never before had a novel emphasized the terrible conditions slaves lived under like Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tom's story shows both the good and bad in how white people had treated their slaves, and his noble and heroic characteristics shed a new light on slaves who were often looked down upon. Therefor much turmoil was caused amongst slave holders in the south for this made them look cruel, like Simon Legree, who had beaten Tom to death in the story. The story also shows the tension caused in slave families when they would be torn apart due to family members being sold, which is why Eliza and her husband George fled north to Canada. All of these dramatic events in the story led many people to push towards ending slavery. Uncle Tom's Cabin also influenced white northerners to house escaping slaves due to all the trouble they had to go through to get freed. Not only did the book influence people living in the US, it also revealed the inhumanity of slavery to people all around the world, selling three million copies world wide (Smith). Such a widespread influential book also upset the south, for slavery was a major part of how they made money and it had now been revealed to the public how crudely they treated their slaves. Rising tensions about the topic are seen as one of the major factor leading to the Civil War. It is said that when Stowe met president Abraham Lincoln in November 25, 1862 he said, â€Å"so you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war† (Smith). Although Harriet Beecher Stowe was a major influence on the Civil War there were also quit a few other reasons as well. The other main reasons are the control of the government, economy, states' rights, abolitionism, and the election of 1860. Although the focus revolved around slavery a lot of the tension that led to the war was from how the South felt it had no power when it came to making decisions. â€Å"As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of â€Å"free† and â€Å"slave† states† (Hickman 1). However; as new states were added they were all being declared â€Å"free† states without the South having any say in the matter. Fearing they were losing power the South turned to the states' rights argument, stating that the federal government didn't have the right to change the laws of slavery in states whom already own slaves (Ayers). Things grew worse during the abolitionist movements which called for an end for slavery, whether it be immediate or gradual. This caused many disputes among the people which often led to biblical disputes (Hickman1). Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin should the cruelty of the Fugitive Slave Act and gave support to the abolitionist movement. The election of 1860 was the final straw. With the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, they feared all was about to change. â€Å"The North with its growing population and increased electoral power had achieved what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states†(Hickman 2). After the election the South immediately began to discuss seceding from the Union. The secession of the South was the ultimate leading factor for the North to go to war, in order to keep the country united (Ayers). Therefor, there were a multitude of reasons for the Civil War. Harriet Beecher Stowe's book Uncle Tom's Cabin sparked rage in the South and inspired abolitionists, which ultimately led to the Civil War. Though centered about the institution of slavery, the Civil War was also massively influenced by the fact that the South felt it had little to no say as to what happened in the government. All of these factors led to one of the most regrettable wars in American history.

Custodial issues

Every year thousands of prisoners are released from prisons on parole or after completing their jail terms. To ensure that prisoners return to their normal lives without re- offending governments adopt programs meant to prepare prisoners for life after prison. Such programs may involve prisoners being allowed to work in community projects in order to instill a sense of responsibility in them. Additionally, prisoners may be allowed to work away from prisons and return when they have finished work. In some cases prisoners are permitted to visit the community.But despite these noble initiatives, cases of prisoners re-offending soon after they are released from prisons are not uncommon. This reveals that the programs are not always effective and something needs to be done to improve the situation. I strongly agree with probation experts such as Maburi (2009) that the psychological confusion, social stigma and economic hardships that they experience are partly to blame for prisoners re-of fending tendencies. I believe that the excessively punitive sentences issued to convicts harden them instead of reforming them.Such sentences ignore the fact that convicts will at one time return to the community yet and do little to prepare them for life after prison. To prevent cases of ex convicts re-offending, courts should take bear in mind rehabilitation of prisoners back to the community after their jail terms. Towards this end, I believe there is need for further cooperation between the judiciary and the prisons and rehabilitation departments. By issuing humane punishments, courts will not only help in decongesting prisons but also save time and resources spent in charging and convicting the same persons for the same criminal offence repeatedly.This will definitely boost efficiency of both departments. While the move by governments to rehabilitate ex-prisoners into the community is laudable, I think there is need to enhance cooperation between rehabilitation departments and prisoners’ families and communities. This helps reduce stigmatization of prisoners thereby helping them regain their self esteem and quicken their reintegration into the community. The community also benefits from reduced cases of crimes. At the same time, by working closely with ex convicts, community leaders are able to monitor ex convicts movements and detect any criminal tendencies.Such monitoring also protects reformed ex convicts from being accused of criminal behaviors. I also believe that there is need to increase financial assistance accorded to ex-prisoners. As a result of social stigma that faces ex convicts, they face challenges in securing employment, consequently some of them may resort to criminal activities such as robbery to meet their needs. To reduce chances of ex prisoners re-offending, I would strongly advocate for the creation of organizations based on the alcohol anonymous model. This would entail prisoners and ex prisoners coming together to help each other overcome their criminal behaviours.Since they share similar experiences it would be easier for them to open up to each other and get assistance. Such a move will help reduce recidivism and other offences. Finally, I would propose that ex prisoners be made to pay back to the community for crimes committed. This could help deter them from committing crimes and boost reconciliation efforts in the community. References Maburi T, K (2009) Re-Integration of Ex-Prisoners Back Into Society – What More Can We Do? In The New Times 26 October 2009 retrieved from http://allafrica. com/stories/200910270086. html on May 10, 2010

Critical review of Crafting Strategy

Introduction Strategic management contains various subjects and topics, most of which do not have the consistent identity (Ketchen, Boyd and Bergh, 2008). It is no doubt that there are still many debates towards strategy concept. In this essay, the article â€Å"crafting strategy† will be reviewed. This is analysed by putting the article in to a wider debate about strategy, then discussing its main strengths and weaknesses. Placing of the article in the wider strategy debate This article’s view fits the debate of prescriptive and emergent strategy.According to Whittington, prescriptive strategy is a rational approach in which planning plays a vital role, and it is more appropriate for large and mature industries (2002). However, Mintzberg challenged this perspective, saying that the process of strategy is distorted by the planning that misguides the organisations (1987). The differences between prescriptive and emergent strategy can be identified in two points. Prescrip tive strategy means formal planning, which involves an analytic process by top executives to set up a long-term mission and later undertaking by staff (Ansoff, 1965).However, in the view of emergent strategy, â€Å"It is not possible to develop a perspective of the future and formulate explicit objective in an unpredictable environment; instead, it is necessary to react in a flexible, opportunistic and accidental manner to new, unpredictable developments† (Idenburg, 1993: 136). In addition, due to the volatility and variability in market conditions, management decisions depend on information that is imprecise and fluctuated.As a result, an emergent strategic approach is more suitable for forms to conduct and business strategy should be adjustable instead of developing a prescriptive strategy with a foreseen result (Marlo, 2000). Moreover, the difference can also be shown by the attitude towards learning. â€Å"Purely deliberate strategy precludes learning once the strategy i s formulated; emergent strategy fosters it† (Mintzberg, 1987:69). Emergent strategy refers to the strategy formulation process which focuses on understanding of strategic learning and let the firm to experiment in a dynamic environment.Though agreement and compromise are part of the formulation process, there is an evident lack of knowledge in the performance system, which leads to a process featured with the emergency of meaning (Lowe and Jone, 2004). In terms of how learning applies to make the strategy, Mason (2007) states that emergent strategy making means all the employees utilise the flexible and strong adaptability to equalise structure and rapid change rather than responding to external change.The basic problem in strategy making is to achieve innovation and remain consistent and reliable strategy implementation. This may include adapt faster than other companies and responding and learning quickly from flaws. In another word, emerging organisation is able to improve employee 3 effectiveness, resulting in a positive influence to greater creativity and motivation in the organisational processes, and it, in turn, leads to better organisational performance (Huselid, 1995).In this article, it discusses emergent strategy, strategic reorientations and how to manage strategy. This is explained by compare and contrast with the deliberate strategy. Mintzberg’s article clearly belongs to prescriptive and emergent strategy debate and it gives strong support towards emergent strategy. Discussion of Strengths and Weaknesses This article involves some main strengths and weaknesses in terms of the strategy debate. In reality, there is no entirely prescriptive strategy or entirely emergent one, many approaches fall between these two extreme points.Most efficient strategy blends organisational learning with flexibility and deliberation and control, such as umbrella strategy and process strategy (Mintzberg, 1987). This idea fully reflects the complexity fo r the business world, even though Mintzberg has an ardent preference towards emergent strategy, there is no guaranty that this is the most suitable or perfect method for all business. Besides, other analyses also illustrate the importance of strategy-making blends autonomy and planning in emergent strategy mode.To be more specific, by combining those two modes, organisation is able to gain productive adaptive capability and optimal alignment in firm through adapting to unpredictable environment in emergent strategy mode and coordinating business activities to complete company’s efficiency in strategy planning (Andersen and Nielsen. 2009). Another strength of this article is the statement about strategic thinking. Fiona (2002) points out that the central to sustain competitive advantage is to have a creative and divergent strategic thinking.This fresh perspective represents a new way for managers to consider and evaluate the operation of organisation. Just as Mintzberg mention s, strategic thinking is captured by informal learning from diverse sources included experiences, leading to an integrated view towards the firm, and then synthesizing the learning into an image of the business direction (1994). In contrast, many administrators merely analyse the figures and graphs, but those are the analysis of past information and predictions, which hold a substantial risk for business.Moreover, strategic thinking displays a whole perspective of mutual influences between each part of the company and its related environment. It also considers the interlinked relationship of past, present and future in order to think in time and utilise newly emerging chances (Liedtka, 1998). However, there still exists criticism about this article as well. One drawback is Mintzberg failed to study the problems of emergent strategy in the business environment. To begin with, sometimes this strategy may consume too much time. As this process includes various 4 experiments, it keeps t rying to identify new method until it successes.No doubt that this involves a long period since no one can find a suitable compromise every time. Apart from that, each time firm tries a new strategy, it costs an enormous amount of resources such as labours or machines use, which is a waste of capital. As Ansoff point out, Mintzberg does not consider the consequence of using a trial and error approach in various programs. In fact, this approach costs hugely, and research presents that acquisitions can achieve better financial results by conducting a planned approach to diversification instead of trial and error one (1991). ConclusionIn summary, this article presents the crafting strategy that is a metaphor towards strategymaking, and it considers the process of strategy making as craftsmen make their clay, which gives readers a vivid image of how the strategy formulates and implements. This practice is valuable at both beginning of strategy development and strategy review processes ( Heracleous and Jacobs, 2008). However, as this article was written in 1987 and many revolutions have happened in these decades, more researches need to carry out to review whether this strategy still fits well in modern business.

Mark Prior

Luck has had little to do with Mark Prior’s success as a ballplayer. It was his dedication and  talent that landed Prior in the major leagues and perhaps a lack of luck that attributed to the right-  handed pitcher being sidelined during the peak of his career. But at age 26, Prior is optimistic of  a comeback. When Prior debuted with the Chicago Cubs on May 22, 2002, he was nothing short of  impressive which should have been expected considering he was the second overall pick in the  draft. His record earned him all-star status as he was chosen to play in the 2003 All-Star game in  only his first full season in the major leagues. Prior’s pitching technique seemed flawless and was considered a combination of the styles of  Greg Maddox and Roger Clemens. His first full season with the Chicago Cubs ranked him third  in the National League’s Cy Young Award voting with a record of 18 wins and only six losses.  Prior became well known for his 90-plus mph fastball, curveball, slurveball and changeup. But freak accidents and injuries began to disrupt his career in the making. Numerous stints on  the disabled list and now an entire season on hold to recuperate from shoulder surgery have  many questioning the future of the once valued Cubs pitcher. Born September 7, 1980, Prior attended University of San Diego High School where he  excelled on the ball field. As a 1998 graduate, he had a 0.93 earned run average. Prior was then  drafted by the New York Yankees in the amateur draft but a contract was never negotiated and  signed. He began his college education at Vanderbilt University, the same school his father attended.  During his sophomore year, Prior transferred to the University of Southern California (USC).  There he was honored as one of the best collegiate athletes in the country. Prior pitched for USC for two seasons and earned numerous awards including seven national  Player of the Year awards. As a junior, his record was 15-1 with six complete games and three  shutouts. His ERA was 1.69. He earned the prestigious Golden Spikes Award. He also led the  team to the 2000 College World Series. Prior entered the draft again and this time he was chosen as the second pick overall in the  draft. As he concentrated on his baseball career and the hope of one day being called up to play  for the Chicago Cubs, Prior continued his college education on a part-time basis and eventually  earned a business degree in 2004 from the USC Marshall School of Business.  In 2003, his first full season as a pitcher for the Cubs, his talent was obvious as he tallied an  18-6 win-lose record despite missing three starts due to an injury. Prior was injured when he  collided on the field with the Atlanta Braves second baseman Marcus Giles. Both Prior and Giles  were scheduled to play in the 2003 All-Star Game but missed due to their injuries.  Prior was voted Player of the Month in August and September. He went on to earn a 10-1  record as the Cubs made their way into the playoffs. That led to the infamous fan interference  incident in which Steve Bartman caught a fly ball hit into the stands that could have easily been  caught by the Cubs outfielder. The Cubs ended up losing the game and Prior suffered through the  loss. In 2004, Prior missed the first two months of the season with an Achilles tendon injury.  Although rumors surfaced that Prior needed reconstructive elbow surgery, he returned to the  mound with a less than stellar performance with six wins and four losses and an ERA of 4.02.  Again in 2005, Prior started the season on the disabled list. He returned and was pitching up  to par until May 27th when another misfortune came his way. Prior was pitching to Brad Hawpe, an old rival from LSU who hit a three-run homerun off  Prior in the College World Series. As they faced off in the major leagues, Hawpe drilled a pitch  and sent a 117 mph line drive back to Prior, hitting him in the right elbow and putting him on the  disabled list with a compression fracture. Prior finished the season 11-7 in 27 starts.  During spring training the following year, Prior began to feel a stiffness in his throwing  shoulder. He was put on a slow pitch program and sent for tests that revealed he had a strained  shoulder. He was put on the disabled list for 15 days in March missing the start of the 2006  season. When he returned, he gave up six runs to the Detroit Tigers in the first inning. He went  on to earn a devastating 0-4 record with a 7.71 ERA and was once again put on the disabled list  after straining his left oblique during batting practice. He returned to the minor leagues and three  games later, Prior earned his first win of the year against the Pittsburgh Pirates. By August of 2006, he was back on the disabled list with tendonitis for the remainder of the  season. His record was 1-6 and ERA was a high 7.21.During the off-season, he complained of a loose shoulder and when conditioning did not  improve the situation, Prior sought medical treatment and discovered he would need arthroscopic  surgery on his right shoulder. In April, Prior underwent surgery and it was successful but put an early end to the 2007  season before it even began for him. Because of his age, doctors see no reason Prior cannot  return to pitching in 2007. RESOURCES MLB Advanced Media, LP (2001-2007) Chicago Cubs. Retrieved May 8, 2007 from http://chicago.cubs.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=407578      

See instructions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See instructions - Term Paper Example Furthermore, I edited the document two times after each peer review. The first peer reviewer was Robert Luo. He suggested that I should write more clearly about the exact identity of my author and audience, and why HUD intends to offer its TMS to the University of Maryland. He also suggested using a chart to compare HUD’s TMS with other existing systems. Moreover, he provided a good analogy also for the TMS, as he compares it to a central nervous system. He also recommended a white paper format because it can offer more technical and numerical information about the advantages and superiority of the HUD’s TMS compared to other systems. I addressed his issues by changing the format to a white paper one. I also determined a specific audience and clarified why the HUD is reaching out to the University of Maryland in particular. I did not include suggestions about charts and numerical detail because I will be going over the word count and I could not find relevant data at th at time. I will try to include that in future drafts. My second peer reviewer was Kevin Muldoon. He commented on my run-on sentences and unclear choice of words. He also wanted me to elaborate more on the goals of the Office of Sustainability. Furthermore, he recommended deleting the headings and explaining the relevance of and connection among my resources. He added that I should use a bibliography page instead. Moreover, he suggested that I should use a business letter format because it is the best way to get my extended definition paper to the target audience. I addressed these issues by fixing my run-on sentences and simplifying words and sentences to make them clearer. I did not think that I needed to elaborate more on the goals of the Office of Sustainability because I thought it was clear already that they wanted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to help resolve transportation costs and traffic issues. I also changed the format to a business

Native American stereotypes in childrens books Essay

Native American stereotypes in childrens books - Essay Example With a total of nine books in the series, the books have become classics and have served as the basis for the television show. The unfortunate thing about this is that the book series has poor representations of Native Americans. Should one just merely consider this to be a product of its time and ignore the stereotyping which takes place? As a book to study by adults to discuss the racial stereotyping which takes place in it, it might be of some value. But the intended audience of the book would not pick up on the idea that this book is simply a â€Å"product of its time† and the attitudes expressed towards Native American should simply be dismissed in order to enjoy the overall story. Even without considering the attitudes expressed by the story, the premise of the story is not approached in an acceptable way. The moved out to the prairie to claim a piece of land that the government was giving out. Of course, this was land that native tribes already belonged to. The tribe that is specifically encountered in the book, the Osages, are not considered to really be occupying the land, and therefore it was alright to simply give it away. Even worse, as the family has just taken a plot of land that used to be utilized by the Osages, the Osages are simply regarded as dangerous, strange, a threat, and menacing: â€Å"Laura was frightened. Jack had never growled at her before. Then she looked over her shoulder, where Jack was looking, and she saw two naked, wild men coming, one behind the other, on the Indian trail† (134). This is the sort of portrayal that leads children to simply think of Native Americans as being uncivilized, when in fact every tribe had very spe cific ways of living in harmony with the land. Another book with a negative Native American stereotype is The Courage of Sarah Noble by Alice Dalgliesh. The courage that the title takes its name from is the title character’s bravery in her experience

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Research Article Critique Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article Critique - Research Paper Example Then, the article seeks to identify the alternatives to traditional insurance adopted by physicians so as to maintain viability amidst this medical malpractice insurance crisis. Thirdly, the article seeks to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each of these alternatives. 6. It was found out that the unavailability and high cost of insurance premiums was the reason for medical malpractice insurance crisis. Thus, captive insurance and risk retention and risk purchasing groups were the alternatives adopted as a remedy. Though each had unique disadvantages, these alternatives increased purchasing power, offered flexibility in savings and improved on cost effectiveness of medical malpractice insurance. This study provides malpractice insurance solutions to healthcare providers. c. In the first topic, the research questions could be on how the current state of medical malpractice has impacted on claims settlement and how the current state of medical malpractice has influenced the approach by insurers to medical practitioners, particularly with regards to premium computation. On the second topic, probable research questions could be how medical malpractice insurance crisis affected availability of healthcare services and how the impact on public confidence in healthcare provision amidst the current medical malpractice insurance crisis. e. The first topic would provide information on how medical malpractice has resulted in increased insurance premiums for medical practitioners. Such costs would be passed down to the consumer hence the need for families to prepare to bear the increased cost of healthcare. The second topic would justify the reason for more healthcare providers opting out of the business as a result of increased cost of doing business, thus the need for families to be on the look on the performance of their healthcare providers to avoid disappointments when their need

Critically evaluate the ways that the HR function could play a more Essay

Critically evaluate the ways that the HR function could play a more strategic role in the organisation - Essay Example By stepping away from subordinate-based practices and theories, the human resources manager develops practices that are geared for long-term success as it relates to the tactical side of objective fulfilment and long-run market orientation. The HR manager can take a more strategic role in the organisation by focusing on line management, executive leadership, new training development, and involvement in change management principles in an effort to expand their presence in the organisation as an HR leader. The strategy angle â€Å"The overall purpose of HRM is to ensure that the organisation is able to achieve success through people† (Armstrong 2006: 11). Success does not necessarily pertain to human capital needs and motivational practice development, it involves market orientation, market position of the business, operational efficiency, general staff productivity, and development of competitive strategies to gain cost and human capital advantages. Therefore, to become more st rategically oriented, the HR manager needs to expand their organisational presence to include executive management involvement and line management education to achieve competitive success using people as resources. In most organisations, change is a constant scenario. New technology implementation or procedures that relate to attaining market profitability (as two examples) dictate a need for improving change leadership and gaining employee/management support. In a situation where the business requires new information technology, changes to how employees conduct their job roles is inevitable, usually on the back of workflow redesign or complete changes to job responsibility. Kappelman, McKeeman and Zhang (2009) identify that when IT projects are part of change management, failures occur due to weak team commitment, lack of senior executive support, or team members who lack the requisite skills and competencies needed to complete the project effectively. In most cases, large-scale im plementation of new technologies consist of months if not years of labour investment and contribute significantly to cost reduction activities or improving process flow related to meeting customer demands. This is where the HR manager can take a more strategic role in the business in promoting change management principles to meet strategic goals. When change is required, management is described as â€Å"undeserving victims of irrational and dysfunctional responses of employees† (Ford, Ford and D’Amelio 2008: 362). The human resources manager can become more involved with the team functioning during the implementation phases of the new technology launch, promoting more effective interpersonal relationship development and team functioning. Weak team commitment may be stemming from employees, executives or mid-tier management due to the illogical and dysfunctional inherent psychology of the team members. By applying subordinate-based practices to higher-level individuals involved in project teams, the HR manager is promoting a more strategic angle that leads to more positive information technology and process improvement outcomes. Outside of technology scenarios, the HR manager can

Effects of Racism on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effects of Racism on Children - Essay Example From this paper it is clear thar  there is a general belief that racial attitudes of children are a learned behavior that is passed down from observing their parent’s interactions with other races, including how parents talk about other races in front of the child.   Parents sometimes believe that if they do not even address the issue of race with their children, their children will not develop racist attitudes.   However, studies have shown that not talking about the issue of race or differences between people can serve to make the issue of race a problem for children.This essay discusses that parents talking negatively about other races could contribute to a child’s belief system about race in a negative fashion, but even not addressing the subject could develop negative attitudes in a child. In fact, researchers have found that when parents address personal qualities of individuals, such as confidence, ambition, and respect and neglect the subject of racial dif ference, children show an increased level of anxiety in social interactions, regardless of the race of the person they were interacting with. This leaves parents and educators with the problem of how best to address racial issues in an attempt to modify children’s attitudes and behaviors.  The movement to be more ‘politically correct’ with our communication has merits beyond that of not hurting another person’s feelings.